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Instructional Design

Transcript: Behavioralism Behavioralism is a theory of animal and human learning. Fosuses on objectively observable behaviors Classic Conditioning occurs when a natural reflex responds to stimulus. Behavioral or Operant Conditioning occurs when a response to stimulus is reinforced. Cognitive Perspectives Types of Knowledge... Declarative Knowledge- facts, data, concepts & principles. Procedural Knowledge- how to perform a task, action or process. Strategic Knowledge- applying knowledge & principles to new situations. Metacognitive Knowledge- self knowledge & awareness of how one learns. Constructivism Radical Constructivism Elimination of standardized curriculum Curricula based on students' prior knowledge Hands-on problem solving Elimination of grades & standardized testing Learners construct their own understanding by interacting with information, tools & materials along with collaborating with other learners Inquiry-Based Learning Students discover answers through their own hands-on experiences and their own research. This type of learning is less teacher-focused and more student centered. The End :) (cc) photo by Metro Centric on Flickr Project-Based Learning 1. Behavioralism Budapest San Francisco Theorists try to explain hidden processes occuring inside a learners brain. LEARNER = ACTIVE PROCESSOR OF INFO. Notes Stockholm Instructional Design (cc) photo by jimmyharris on Flickr (cc) photo by Franco Folini on Flickr Double click to crop it if necessary Bloom's Taxonomy Cognitive Domain Affective Domain Psychomotor Domain 2. Cognitive Perspectives By reflecting on our experiences, we construct out own understanding of the world. (less radical) 3. Constructivism During PROJECT-BASED LEARNING, students work together to cooperatively investigate ways to solve a problem while engaging in complex activities. Place your own picture behind this frame! (cc) photo by Metro Centric on Flickr Important Details 3 Main Types of Instructional Design

Instructional Design

Transcript: Overhead Projector B.F. Skinner At the start of it all... Instructional Design and Technology By: Megan Ryan EDP 632 Students were not always carrying out research on an iPad or sending their homework assignments through e-mail. Long ago, the instructional materials used for students were very different. Prior to the 20th century, the primary means of instruction were: "the teachers, a textbook and a chalkboard". In the early 1900's, school museums were formed, which held: 3D photographs, slides, films, charts, and more. While these materials seem obsolete now, these materials were the primary source of instruction for teachers. -B. F. Skinner -Benjamin Bloom -Robert M. Gagne The 1940's The History WWII Instructional design today is the process of "...revolutionizing education". This can include: motion pictures, television, computers, mobile learning, games, World Wide Web, simulations, and much more. What is Instructional Media? "Instructional material should... -present in small steps -require active responses -provide immediate feedback -provide the learner with self-pacing" Benjamin Bloom Early theorists played a huge role in the development of instructional design and technology... The war impacted education in the following ways: -Educational films were provided for educating civilians -The U.S. government established the division of visual aids -The invention of: overhead projectors, slide projectors, audio equipment, and simulators -"Military used psychologists and educators to conduct research and develop training". Instructional Media is defined as, "...the physical means via which instruction is presented to learners". How did the war impact education and instructional design? Bloom's Taxonomy While the role of the teacher is constantly changing, the teacher still plays one of the biggest parts in education. The teacher serves as the facilitator in a classroom filled with technology, rich resources, and student-led activities. With advances in technology and instructional design, the teacher may not be considered the only primary means of instruction, the teacher still is a primary form. We are filled with a world of technology and should see it as a huge tool in our classroom. We can go so many places through technology and take our lessons to an all new level. Robert M. Gagne So, what is instructional design and where are we today? Where does the teacher fit in? Slide Projector

Instructional Design

Transcript: Fact #1: owls are nocturnal animals meaning they sleep during the day and are awake at night Fact #2: owls do not have eye balls but have tube shaped eyes fact #3: owls have very good ears that allow them to hear very small sounds that most animals and people cannot hear fact #4: owls have very sharp claws called talons that they use to catch their prey (what they eat) fact #5: owls have flat faces that are sometimes heart shaped fact #6: owls have soft, thick feathers that make flying quiet fact #7: owls are farsighted animals, meaning they see things that are far away better than they can see things up close fact #8: owls have four toes on each foot, one in the back and three on the front to help them old on to things like food or branches fact #9: owls can turn their heads in almost a complete circle (270 degrees) fact #10: owls do not build their own nests but live inside of trees or nests other birds do not use anymore fact #11 baby owls are called owlets or fledglings fact #12 owls eat insects, small mammals, birds, and fish Fact #13 owls eat every part of their prey, including the bones and feathers or fur fact #14 owls cannot digest all that they eat (like the bones) so they throw these things up every day; what they throw up are called pellets fact #15 a group of owls is called a parliament the first photo comes from http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&sa=N&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&biw=1366&bih=665&tbm=isch&tbnid=v26p19HBNjHwSM:&imgrefurl=http://reeveryday.blogspot.com/2011/05/war-and-peace-owls-and-picnics.html&docid=19FfzGCVHO71ZM&imgurl=http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-wwccpqiQFOY/TbYhnvVxS4I/AAAAAAAAACY/mfLMCMJmvQc/s1600/thoughtful%252Bowl.jpg&w=334&h=500&ei=6jl0ULLbOIrO9QTC04CgDw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=726&vpy=120&dur=916&hovh=275&hovw=183&tx=104&ty=145&sig=106068224617657877650&page=3&tbnh=159&tbnw=112&start=36&ndsp=27&ved=1t:429,r:24,s:36,i:351 the second photo comes from http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&sa=N&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&biw=1366&bih=665&tbm=isch&tbnid=pmOprY8q97t2XM:&imgrefurl=http://ayearandadaywicca.wordpress.com/2012/07/27/owls/&docid=Laoj6Wrca-YOeM&imgurl=http://ayearandadaywicca.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/owl2.jpg&w=470&h=357&ei=8zp0UKCHDYqk9ASpuoD4Aw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=862&vpy=71&dur=135&hovh=196&hovw=258&tx=94&ty=117&sig=106068224617657877650&page=1&tbnh=156&tbnw=209&start=0&ndsp=12&ved=1t:429,r:4,s:0,i:168 the third photo comes from http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&sa=N&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&biw=1366&bih=665&tbm=isch&tbnid=-JluR5DAg3aEaM:&imgrefurl=http://free-extras.com/images/owls-150.htm&docid=ryKT1qP6GniEdM&imgurl=http://images.free-extras.com/pics/o/owls-150.jpg&w=459&h=459&ei=8zp0UKCHDYqk9ASpuoD4Aw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=682&vpy=57&dur=686&hovh=225&hovw=225&tx=87&ty=102&sig=106068224617657877650&page=1&tbnh=156&tbnw=159&start=0&ndsp=12&ved=1t:429,r:3,s:0,i:165 http://www.learninggamesforkids.com/animal-games-birds/owl-games-videos.html All About Owls By: Liz McMahon play some fun games about owls here! Click here to go back to the class homepage: https://sites.google.com/site/mcmahonclassroom/ thanks for learning! facts 1,3,12,13,and 14 come from http://animal.discovery.com/birds/owl/ facts 4,5,7,9, and 15 come from http://www.sciencekids.co.nz/sciencefacts/animals/owl.htm facts 2,6,8, and 10 come from http://www.learner.org/jnorth/tm/spring/OwlFacts.html fact 11 comes from http://www.facts-about.org.uk/facts-about-owls.htm

Islamic Style PowerPoint Template Design

Transcript: Importance of Natural Light Natural light is not only valued for its aesthetic appeal but also for its spiritual significance. In Islamic architecture, elements like large windows and skylights are designed to invite sunlight and promote a sense of tranquility and connection with nature. Types of Lighting Fixtures Decorative Lighting Techniques Techniques such as using colored glass, intricate wood carvings, and patterned screens create captivating lighting effects in Islamic interiors. These techniques soften light and enhance the beauty of the architectural features, creating a unique ambiance. Islamic interiors utilize a variety of lighting fixtures, such as lanterns, sconces, and chandeliers. These fixtures often showcase intricate designs, featuring geometric patterns and calligraphy, reflecting the rich cultural heritage of Islamic architecture. Geometry and Symmetry Patterns and Motifs Traditional Color Schemes Common Materials Used Patterns in Textiles Geometry in Islamic architecture plays a pivotal role, symbolizing the infinite nature of the universe. Symmetry is employed to create balance and harmony, often seen in mosque layouts and decorative elements, enhancing the spiritual experience for visitors. Islamic design traditionally uses rich jewel tones such as emerald green, deep blue, and ruby red, often contrasted with gold and white accents. These colors are deeply rooted in cultural and religious significance, symbolizing peace, spirituality, and nature. Islamic patterns and motifs serve both decorative and symbolic purposes, representing unity, eternity, and the divine. These designs are characterized by intricate repetitions and are commonly found on tiles, walls, and textiles, creating a mesmerizing visual experience. Spatial Layout and Functionality Calligraphy Islamic interiors often feature textiles made from natural fibers such as cotton, silk, and wool. These materials are not only durable but also contribute to a warm, inviting atmosphere. Additionally, the use of intricate embroidery and embellishments adds depth and visual interest to the fabrics employed in these designs. Multi-functional Areas Psychological Effects of Color Islamic textiles are characterized by geometric patterns, floral motifs, and intricate designs that symbolize paradise and spirituality. The repetitive nature of these patterns reinforces the harmony in Islamic art and can be used to create a sense of rhythm within a space, making the interiors dynamic and engaging. The spatial layout in Islamic interior design reflects cultural values and enhances functionality. A balance between open and closed spaces facilitates movement and interaction while offering privacy. Color Palettes in Islamic Design Designing multi-functional spaces allows for versatility, adapting to various guest needs. Features like convertible furniture or flexible layouts can transform a lounge into a conference area, enhancing usability and maximizing space. Lighting in Islamic Interiors Colors influence mood and behavior significantly. In Islamic design, green evokes tranquility and harmony, while red can represent power and passion, enhancing the overall experience in resort hotels by creating specific atmospheres. Calligraphy is a revered art form in Islamic culture, used to convey sacred texts and enhance architectural beauty. The use of Arabic script embellishes walls and spaces, merging art with spirituality and serving as both decoration and communication of faith. Color plays a significant role in Islamic design, invoking cultural meanings and enhancing the aesthetics of interior spaces. The application of traditional color schemes influences emotional responses and creates a unique ambiance in resort hotels. Key Elements of Islamic Architecture Open vs. Closed Spaces Flow and Movement Open spaces promote community and foster interaction among guests, suitable for lobbies and communal areas. Closed spaces, such as private suites, offer tranquility and personal retreat while maintaining a connection to the overall design theme. A well-designed spatial layout ensures seamless flow, guiding guests naturally through the space. Consider integrating pathways that connect different areas, enhancing the guest experience by facilitating ease of movement without congestion. Color Combinations Islamic architecture is characterized by its intricate use of geometric patterns, symmetry, and elegant calligraphy, forming a unique aesthetic that reflects spiritual beliefs and cultural identity. Understanding these key elements is essential to appreciate the depth and beauty of Islamic design in contemporary settings. Incorporating Fabrics into Design Effective color combinations in Islamic design often include complementary and analogous schemes. For instance, combining turquoise with warm beige creates a serene yet inviting space, essential for resort hotel aesthetics. Fabrics can be strategically integrated into Islamic interior spaces through

INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN

Transcript: - Increase the effectiveness of T&L process - Improve instructional level - Identify the problem & steps to overcome the problem * Teacher should know how to prepare/ create instructional design * Make instructional more effective * Maximize students’ learning System Approach - can determine students learning focus / direction * Teaching can be replicate (used more than once) - Small scale - Focus on planning for one instructional period -Examples: - ASSURE Model - Dick & Reiser Model * Specify students’ need * Specify aims & objectives * Create/ develop evaluation procedure BASIC ELEMENTS FOR ID MODEL Generally similar in functions The differences: - terms use - focus/ target group - when the model is developed - how the model used ADDIE Model INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN ASSURE MODEL - Analyse learners - State objectives - Select method, media & materials - Utilise media & materials ADDIE MODEL Kemp, J. & Smellie, D. (1994). ANALYSIS SUMMARY -Leshin, Pollock & Reigeluth Model (1990) -Dick & Carey Model (1979) -Diamond Model (1989) -Seels & Glasgow Model (1998) describe in detail clear objectives to be achieved - select most suitable teaching method - plan conducive learning environment - determine the best way/ method to assess or evaluate students’ learning (test items must align with objcetives) INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN CONCLUSION Focus on material development - For a long period of time - Involve a group of instructional designers to develop course / program MODEL ISD 7. Prepare feedback 4. Teach the lesson 9. Improve memory and transfer/apply information in other situations Three general categories: 1. Classroom Orientation Model 2. Product Orientation Model 3. System Orientation Model (Gustafon, 1991) Not just prepare only for one subject/ course/ lesson Small scale (lesson/subject) Large scale (course/ program) Teacher must identify - instructional design - most suitable & effective - knowledge & skills use of selection ID DESIGN * Design & choose instructional strategy * Trial run of instructional system * Evaluate system overall CONCLUSION - Teacher must identify: - instructional design most suitable & effective - Have knowledge & skills of ID ARCS Model (Keller) ID MODELS * A discipline * Focus on - Understanding - Improvement - Teaching methods application (Reigeluth, 1983) SUMMARY Purpose: * explain the steps to be taken systematically * achieve instructional objectives INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN EVALUATE ID MODEL Gagne Model (Instructional Events) - Require learner participation - Evaluate & revise 2. State the instructional objectives INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN STRENGTH INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN ID MODEL Attitude Knowledge Skills Why teachers use instructional design? - Needs analysis (teaching & learning) - Design & develop materials - Formative evaluation (improve quality) - Implement teaching/ instructional - Evaluate effectiveness of T & L DICK & CAREY MODEL ID MODEL * Determine what is the suitable instructional method for teacher * Help students in their learning process (Reigeluth 1987) * A process * covers specifications/requirement to learn * Involve activities - instructional system design - instructional message design - teaching strategy - students’ characteristics * use Systems Approach (system design approach) - produce effective T&L DICK & CAREY MODEL INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN Instructional Design Purpose CONCLUSION * Specification & criteria required * To increase T&L process * Maximum level / expected IMPLEMENT * Identify instructional purpose * Instructional analysis * Students analysis & contexts * Instructional objectives / achievement * Instrument / evaluation tools * Instructional strategy PRODUCT & SYSTEM ORIENTATION MODEL PRODUCT & SYSTEM ORIENTATION MODEL INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN CLASSROOM ORIENTATION MODEL BASIC ELEMENTS FOR ID MODEL Teacher’s Role - use or adapt available materials - develop new materials (if needed) * ID maximize the effectiveness and instructional efficiency and learning experience * Is a Process – what students needs, aims & instructional objectives & produce intervention activities to achieve objectives DEVELOP 1. Attract students’ attention THANK YOU Gagne Model (Instructional Event) - Science to create detail teaching specification - For development, evaluation and maintainance. - A situation that makes learning easier to the certain unit. - No matter how big or small scale (Richey 1986) ID MODELS * There are a lot of ID Model E.g: ASSURE Model Dick & Carey Model Most are based on the generic ADDIE model Focus on selection and use of available materials Less focus on creating new instructional materials Cost effective (Yusup Hashim 1998) * Choose or produce instructional materials * Instructional formative evaluation * Instructional checklist * Summative evaluation * Check with entry behavior ( to determine if learning takes place) * Use Systems Approach to produce effective T&L * Systems Approach: -Determine what the students should focus/ learn -Involve

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