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Heat Exchanger

Transcript: Heat Exchangers Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger Design. By Eng. Talal Alnouman Thermal Engineering & Desalination Technology 1 1 Heat Exchanger Definition: Heat Exchanger is symbolized by (HX) symbol. Heat Exchanger is facilities the change of heat transfer (Q). Heat Exchanger consists of two types of a stream (s1,s2), and each stream has a temperature (T1,T2) with follwoing under condition: - the T1 of s1 NOT equal to T2 of s2 (T1<>T2). - There is NO mixing between the streams. In General, Heat Exchanger are processing equipment in which heat is contuously or semi-continuously transferrd from a hot to a cold fluid dirctly or indirectly through a heat transfer surface that separates the two fluids. Heat exchangers consist primarily of boundles of pipes, tubes or plate coils. 2 2 Types of Heat exchangers. Heat Exchangers are classified according to: - Flow arrangement. - type of construction. 1. The Simplest Heat Exchanger Type Simplest heat exchanger is a concentric tube (or double-pipe) construction has a hot or cold fluids move in the same or oppssite directions. counter flow Parallel flow 3 3 2. Compact Heat Exchanger Type The compact heat exchanger has a large heat transfer area and described by Beat (Bβββ) which its callrea density. The area density (βB) equal the surface area of the heat exchanger divided by the volume Beta for a typical compact heat exchanger > 700 m2/m3 Beta for a radiador ~= 1000 m2/m3 Beta for Gas sturbine ~= 6000 m2/m3 Beta for Human Lunge ~=20,000 m2/m3 4 4 A Rule of thumb. A rule of thumb is meaing a practical and approximate way of doing or measuring something. A good rule of thumb is that the handfull of rice fills up on or two palms. The origin of the phrase ' rule of thumb' is come from the belife that English law allowed a man to beat his wife by a stick no bigger than his thumb to discipline her . 5 5 A Rule of Thumb in Heat exchanger. A fins on the Gas side is use to increase the surface area 6 6 Terme of Compact heat exchanger the compact heat exchanger devices have dense arrays of finned tubes or plates and are typically used when at least one of the fluids is a gas, and is hence characterized by a small convection coefficient. The tube may be flat or circular, and also the fines may be plate or circular. Parallel-plate heat exchanger may be finned or corrugated and may be used in single-pass or multipass modes of operation. 7 7 cross flow heat exchanger the definition of cross-flow heat exchangers are two fluid streams has a different direction and they are perpendicular to each other by 90 degree. Type of cross flow heat exchanger. - UnMixed cross flow heat exchanger - Mixed cross flow heat exchange. Fluid Stream 1 90 Fluid Stream 2 Can't move trans phase direction 8 8 Mixed & UnMixed cross flow heat exchanger. cross flow is perpendicular to each other and the tubular heat exchanger either finned or unfinned. the two tubular heat exchanger is treating fluid motion over the tubes as Mixed or UnMixed. the UnMixed fluid happens when the fins inhibit motion in the vertical direction ( y-axis) and main flow pass through x-direction. Resulting, the fluid temperature varies with x and y directions. the Mixed fluid happens when the bundle tube heat exchanger is UnFinned and the fluid motion passes through the main flow direction. So, the temperature variations are primarily in the main flow direction. To sum up, the mixing condition can significantly influence heat exchanger performance. 9 9 The most Important Heat Exchanger is: Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger. (it's widely used in the industrial field) Heat Exchanger (One-Shell pass & One Tube pass). 10 10 Heat Exchanger Shell & Tube with a Baffles. baffles have a mainly two function: 1. To Support & fixed the heat exchanger tubes and prevent the tube slagging or slacken. 2. Change the heat exchanger counterflow to cross-flow heat exchanger type. 11 11 One Shell pass & multi Tubes pass Heat Exchanger. the configuration of shell & tube heat exchanger pass One Shell pass & Two Tube pass One Shell pass & Four Tubes pass Two Shell pass & Four Tubes pass 12 12 Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger Assemble & Main Parts 13 13 Plate & Frame heatexchanger Type ىخهيييخم خقخ. The plate heat exchanger consists of a thin, rectangular, metal sheet into which a corrugated has been formed by precision-pressing. One side of each plate has a full peripheral gasket. The comprises a number of such plates, mounted in a frame. and clamped toghether, face to face, by a bolting system. The space between adjacent plates forms a flow channel and system is arranged so that the hot and cold fluid flow through alternate flow channels, parallel to the long side. 14 14 Regenerative Heat Exchanger. The idea of regeneration to increase the thermal efficiency of a thermodynamic cycle. A regenerative heat exchanger is a type of heat exchanger where heat from the hot fluid is intermittently stored in a thermal storage medium before it is transferred to the cold fluid. To 15

HEAT EXCHANGER

Transcript: Faculty of Chemical Engineering SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER STUDENTS : 1-Duaa Mohyeddin Abuswir 2- Weam Abdolmonem Bn Amar UNDER THE SUPERVISION : D.ASIA ALI MESHRGHI PROJECT SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER Introduction INTRODUCTION Why do we study heat transfer ! It is a very important subject in chemical engineering. While you are working in chemical industries you must know about heat transfer equipment and the medium of heat transfer because you have to deal with fluids and liquids mainly. so The purpose of studying heat transfer is to determine the methods of heat transfer and their application in industry. WHAT IS A HEAT EXCHANGER ? Heat exchangers are devices used for transferring heat between two or more fluids at different temperatures. They are specifically designed for the efficient transfer of heat from one fluid to another fluid over a solid surface. WHAT ARE HEAT EXCHANGERS USED FOR? Heat exchangers are widely used in : - refrigeration. - air conditioning. - space heating. - electricity generation. - chemical processing. Considering the heat exchanger given in the figure the continuous, steady-state heat duty is given by, Q=m (Hout-Hin) where Q is the heat duty (rate of heat transfer) m is the flow rate of the stream (mass or molar) Hin is the enthalpy of the stream entering (per unit mass or mole) Hout is the enthalpy of the stream leaving (per unit mass or mole) The transport equation for heat exchange is expressed as : Q=UA Tm Where : U is the overall heat transfer coefficient. A is the area for heat transfer. Tm is the mean temperature driving force for heat transfer. Heat Exchangers - Types : 1. Double pipe 2. Spiral 3. Finned 4. plate type 5. Shell and tube (most common in chemical process industries) There are different types of heat exchangers : Tube in Tube Plate Heat Exchanger SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER : TYPES OF FLOW : PARALLEL FLOW COUNTER FLOW CROSS FLOW METHODOLOGY SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER: • Main Parts 1.Tubes 2.Shell 3.Baffles 4.Tube Sheets 5.Head 6.Tube Bundle • This type of heat exchanger consist of two main things as it’s name implies Shell & Tubes. • The shell is a large vassel with a number of tubes inside it The principle of operation is simple enough: • two fluids of different temperatures are brought into close contact but they are not mixing with each other. • One fluid runs through the tubes, and another Fluid flows over the tubes (through the shell) to transfer heat between the two fluids. • are the most commonly used heat exchangers in oil refineries and other large chemical processes. • are used when a process requires Large amounts of fluid to be heated or cooled. • provide transfer of heat efficiently. • use baffles on the shell-side fluid to accomplished mixing or turbulence. Design Constraints: • Cost – wish to have an exchanger that costs the least. • Efficiency – wish to have an exchanger that operates most efficiently, with minimum loss of energy in the transfer, and minimum drop in pressure of the fluids. • Space : wish to have an exchanger that is small. • Materials : want an exchanger built from materials that are compatible with the process streams and don’t cost a lot. • Maintenance : want an exchanger that can be easily cleaned. • Ease of construction. Thermal Design Considerations : Thermal design of a shell and tube heat exchanger typically includes the determination of heat transfer area, number of tubes, tube length and diameter, tube layout, number of shell and tube passes, type of heat exchanger (fixed tube sheet, removable tube bundle etc), tube pitch, number of baffles, its type and size, shell and tube side pressure drop etc .. Shell : is the container for the shell fluid and the tube bundle is placed inside the shell. Shell diameter should be selected in such a way to give a close fit of the tube bundle. Tube : Tube OD of 3⁄4 and 1 in are very common to design a compact heat exchanger. Tube pitch : Tube pitch is the shortest centre to centre distance between the adjacent tubes. Tube passes : The number of passes is chosen to get the required tube side fluid velocity to obtain greater heat transfer co-efficient and also to reduce scale formation. The tube passes vary from 1 to 16. The tube passes of 1, 2 and 4 are common in application. The partition built into exchanger head known as partition plate (also called pass partition) is used to direct the tube side flow. Tube sheet : The tubes are fixed with tube sheet that form the barrier between the tube and shell fluids. The tubes can be fixed with the tube sheet using ferrule and a soft metal packing ring. The recommended standards (IS:4503 or TEMA) should be followed to select the minimum tube sheet thickness. Baffles : Baffles are used to increase the fluid velocity by diverting the flow across the tube bundle to obtain higher transfer co-efficient. Fouling Consideration: Selection of fluids for tube and shell side : First using simple endpoint model : The surface area per tube per

Heat Exchanger

Transcript: tube corroded and normal tube, courtesy (Corinth, 2014) Strong and stable design Composed of 4 main parts Encased tubing system creep-fatigue showing a craking mechanisms, courtesy (Holdsworth, 2015) Physical Thanks for listening There are 3 heat transfer operations that describe the movement of heat throughout a heat exchanger. 1.The convective heat transfer from the fluid to the material of the pipe walls. (q1) 2.Conduction heat transfer from a pipe wall with high temperature to an adjacent pipe wall at a lower temperature.(q2) 3.Convection from pipe walls to the coolant fluid or the stream.(q3) Heavy and space consuming Less thermally efficient Flow rates can cause damage Overview thermal effect in the tubes, image courtesy of Victaulic Company Narrow operational range Subject to fouling Material choice can be a make or break factor Pros Introduction Uses Knowledge Furthermore, Materials have to be resistant to leakages that can affect heat exchanger such as water and acids copy and paste as needed to add notes to your brainstorm standard tensile test, illustration courtesy Dr. Dmitri Kopeliovich Compact Heat Exchangers - Design ELEMENTS The most common STHEs are the single pass types as shown below. Thermal conductivity, is required for a heat exchanger as heat is transferred, thus it is vital to find the prime material. This graph shows the best materials that can resist salt water (sea water) All materials displayed are in the excellent category, and vary in price Many ceramics and metals such as silicon and copper are reasonably priced Steady state Unsteady state Classification Compact Heat Exchangers - Pros and Cons Causes of Failure Group menbers Manfredi Vargas, Brayan, J Miah, Naseem Nelson, Ashley, S Smith, Rhys, L Fane, Florida however the optimum material is copper as it is an average price and has a very high thermal conductivity Chemical plants Fertilizer Oil and gas refineries Nuclear power plants Refrigeration system Food and diary industries Marine First type of heat exchanger included a simple concentric-pipe exchangers and nowadays complex surface exchangers with huge place to be heated. Cons •Conduction is the heat transfer that occurs in a stationary medium, when there is a temperature gradient present. •The value of q dot is the heat transfer rate (J/s) therefore shows the amount of heat transferred through a particular material over time. •The value of k is thermal conductivity (W/m*K) it is a property which is considered in the material selection of heat exchangers. High durability and strength Versatile Low cost High thermal efficiency and effective heat transfer Lots of variations Removable plates Heat Transfer In Heat Exchangers Cons Conduction and Fourier's Law Tensile Graph shows materials excellent in resisting fresh water, and the price range of these metals. From those highlighted, optimum materials are displayed such as copper, titanium and other metal alloys and also several ceramics The graph produced show cost of materials and their thermal conductivity First CHE designed in 1878 German invention Originally used in wine manufacture Other variables also considered is corrosion prevention from acids, for example from sulfuric acid Many ceramics are an excellent choice for resistance to corrosion from sulfuric acid and are considerably cheaper than expensive metals Use in Industry Corrosion This is a Plate Heat Exchanger (PHE), the most common type of CHE. Creep and Fatigue Mechanical Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger - Design Compact Heat Exchangers CHEs Evolution Using tungsten alloys and nickel is better as they have high yield strength than silver. There are a range of metal alloys to choose from Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger - Pros and Cons More commonly used Conventional name for many different variations Convection is the heat transfer that occurs between a surface and a moving fluid when they are at different temperatures. Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers STHEs Smart Selection Certain characteristics taken into account: Price Yield strength (elastic limit) Thermal Conductivity BRAINSTORM What is it? It is an apparatus to transfer heat between two or more fluids or from a solid object to a fluid. Maintenance Small and compact design Overlapping corrugated plates Alternating plates for primary and secondary fluids Counter-flow system Two Types of Heat Exchanger Heat Exchanger Excessive Loading Corrosion Fouling Failing of Individual Components Loss in Steam Pressure The material with highest thermal conductivity is silver Conduction Convection Radiation Tank suction heater built for U.S Navy (1942) courtesy Graham corporation. Titanium tube stacks(2015) desined by Bowman courtesy of Spatex. Heat Transfer in Heat Exchangers Convection and Newton's law of cooling Two very different types Different applications Different advantages and disadvantages Both extremely useful in all sorts of industries Pros Types Theory Heat transfer Three ways to transmit heat Flow Type There is a

Heat Exchanger

Transcript: Polynomial fits of the same data indicate a fouling factor limit for each pressure. MathCAD Sheets for Sizing By Stephen McNary, Logan Beal, and Eric Fuller Objectives HX unit Step 2 Sizing Results Tank and Water Inlet Experimental Methods Shipment of heat exchanger to Belhalf, Yemen. Results 1. Gain experience with heat exchangers. 2. Calculate the fouling factor, and determine if fouling factor is dependent on flow rate. 3. Using fouling factor, select a heat exchanger to heat 175GPM water from 25°C to 80°C using 300psi steam. Equations and Theory Calculation Process Slide Sources: Results End Results Step 1 Linear Fits of the data at each pressure indicates that the fouling factor is dependent on flow rate. Fouling Dependance on Flow Results continued Slide 2: Heat exchanger pic from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_exchanger Slide 3: Picture found on 475 UO Lab website under the HX experiment manual. Slide 4: Picture found on 475 UO Lab website under the HX experiment manual. Slide 5: equations from Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer book by Bergman Slide 12: small heat exchanger picture- http://www.bracton.com/equipment/draught-beer-equipment/cool-tube-heat-exchanger-compact. Big heat exchanger picture- http://www.heavyliftspecialist.com/tag/apci-heat-exchanger/ Slide 13: Specification sheet found on http://uolab.groups.et.byu.net/files/shelltube/hints/SSCF%20Design%20Data.pdf. Inputs= Water Flow Rate Steam Pressure Inlet Temperature Outlet Temperature Outlet= Fouling factor Available Heat Exchangers Apparatus Recommended Model References Flow Diagram UO Lab HX: Tube side fluid=water Shell side fluid=steam Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Inputs= Fouling Factor Number of Tubes Diameter Length Outlet= Outlet Temperature At low pressures and/or flow rates, we are not 95% confident that the fouling factor is independent of flow rate. At high pressures (>40 psi) and/or flow rates (>50 GPM), the fouling factor does seem to be independent of flow rate. where b=circumference Process: Heat 175 gpm of water from 25°C to 80°C using 300 psig steam. Fouling Factor A "worst case" fouling factor of 3.6x10^-5 K*s^3/kg was used to find T-out Set steam pressure (10-50 psig) Set flow rate (20-50 gpm) Wait for inlet and outlet temperatures to get to steady state Record data Repeat for several flow rates Repeat above for several pressures At 40 psi, a slope of 0 is within the 95% confidence interval. The slope of the linear fit for the 25psi data is 0.00000036. At the extreme low end of the confidence interval, that becomes 0.0000007. Any Questions?

Heat Exchanger

Transcript: Heat Exchanger By: Gurjapjit, Sampath, Dhruvin Superheater Heat Exchangers Intro Subcooler A liquid subcooler is fitted in a cooling system in order to increase the performance of the evaporator. Liquid subcooler is an application often used in refrigeration system for heat transfer between the suction and liquid lines, and to decrease the liquid to below its boiling temperature / condensing temperature Subcooler How does a Subcooler work? Subcooler The superheater make's sure that the vapor refrigerant enters the compressor, meaning no liquid drops. Liquid refrigerant warms the suction line (surrounding the suction line) transfer heat from the warm liquid to the suction line (combo vapor/liquid) Installed at the suction line before the compressor. How does a Superheater work? Superheater Superheater Picture Picture Subcooler: it can increase the efficiency of the evaporator. Superheater: assures no liquid refrigerant goes into compressor. Overall: it reduces the energy(electrical) cost by 8 to 10% of the power it would normally use. Saving significant amount of money in a larger systems. What are the Benefits? Benefits

Heat exchanger

Transcript: "A heat exchanger is any device used to transfer heat between two streams at different temperatures, from higher to lower." Q = Cp.m.ΔT Accurate results Change valve design "Research is what I'm doing when I don't know what I'm doing." Wernher von Braun CPE 101/110 What is a heat exchanger? more... The objective To record appropriate data from two similar heat exchangers, in order to calculate the heat transferred in each and the heat transfer co-efficient. U= Q / A ΔT* Standard value of 150 – 1200* Wm Shape of graph Similar design Convection currents affect efficiency Analysis in conclusion... ΔT = (TiH- TiC) – (TfH- TfC) ln (TiH- TiC) (TfH- TfC) Heat exchanger experiment How? Results

Heat exchanger

Transcript: HEAT TRANSFER GROUP 2 Photography credit : ABB engineering and consulting Problem statement Problem statement In a factory , heat exchanger is used to preheat the mixure of alcohol ( Ethanol and Methanol) in order to be used for the distilation process. From the distilation process fusel oil is produced , it is then used as the hotstream in the heat exchanger. In a 2 shell and tube the hot stream the mass flow rate of 3-Methyl-1Butanol (cp=2.586kJ/kg°C) is fed into the tube side of 1kg/s at 100°C. The mixture of alcohol flows (cp=3.237kJ/kg°C) through the shell of 2kg/s (mole fraction of methanol is 0.45 and ethanol is 0.55) at room temperature (30°C). Determine the exit temperature of the cold and hot stream. Given : U=159.8 w/m^2*K A= 3.5m^2 1 TEMA type : BFM Material : SS304 Shell pass: 2 Tube pass: 4 Shell ID/OD: 175 mm / 180.54mm Tube OD : 19.05mm Length : 2.5m Pitch :25.4mm Number if baffle : 30 Type of baffle : single segmental Heat exchanger specification Heat exchanger specification 2 Design Aspen Exchanger design 3 Console Geometry The optimum ratio of baffle spacing to shell size diameter is normally between 0.3 to 0.6 4 Process data & Geometry Fouling resistance is less than 0.001 which means that the prefered tube size for light tube side fouling service is 0.75 inch O.D. 5 Exchanger Geometry Baffle cuts between 20% and 35% be employed. Horizontal baffle cut is recommended for single phase fluid on the shell side for minimizes accumulation of the deposit at the buttom of the shell and also prevent stratification. 6 Tube layout 7 Analyzing the Graph Analyzing the Graph T exit of fusel oil 67.62°C T exit of alcohols 46.56°C For liquid-liquid HEX : temperature difference 11-24°C obtained : 21.06°C } ΔT 8 Warnings Warnings 9 HTRI PROGRAM HTRI PROGRAM 10 3D Picture 3D Picture 11 HEAT EXCHANGER Veeranuch Sirisook 5810755370 Suphasin Perunavin 5810751775 Chanyanuch lertjaruwong 5810751544 Chanyanuch Chanunan 5710753038 Suphawit keakultanes 5810750843 Jiroj Sariddipanthawat 5810750082 Hand Calculation T h,out =? Tc,out =? Cold stream (inlet) : Ethanol+Methanol mC = 1.5 kg/s Tc,in = 30°C P= 2 bar Hot stream (inlet) : 3-Methyl-1-Butanol mh=1 kg/s Th,in= 100°C P= 2 bar Mole fraction of substances : Ethanol : 0.55 Methanol: 0.45 Fusel oil (3-Methyl-1Butanol) : 1 12 parameters The NTU method is used to determine the outlet temperature of both streams . NOTE : we know all the inlet parameters (Area , U , Ltube and Dtube) Given parameters: Tube OD : 19.05mm Length : 2.5m Surface area (A) = 3.5 m2 U = 519.8 W/m2.C 13 Calculations Method 1. Obtain HEX data (known : surface area , U ,Length , Diameters etc.) 2.Properties of fluids : to obtain specific heat capacities 3. Find maximum heat transfer possible : Qmax=CminΔTmax 4.Determine Heat transfer effectiveness "ε" ε (C,NTU) - can use graph or formula - C= Cmin/Cmax - NTU equation 5. Calculate Q actual = εQmaxห 6. Obtain the outlet temperatures 14 Assumption 1.Steady state 2. neglect ΔKE and ΔPE of the fluids 3. Fluid properties are constant 4.Heat loss to surrounding is neligible as the heat exchanger is new and well insulated. 15 Property table Ethanol Methanol FROM : Mole fraction of the mixture : Methanol = 0.45 ; Ethanol = 0.55 Cp,mixture=(mole fraction methanol)( Cp,methanol) + (mole fraction ethanol)(Cp,ethanol) = (0.45)(3.499 kg/J.K) + (0.55)(3.086 kg/J.K) = 3.271 kg/J.K 16 Property table Now we have : Cp,mixture : 3.271 kg/J.K Cp,fusel oil : 2.586 kg/J.K 17 Finding minimum heat capacity (Cmin) Given : ṁc =1.5 kg/s ṁh = 1 kg/s from the equation --> [C,rate = mass flowrate * liquid specific heat] Cc =mc Cp,cold=1.5x3.271= 4.9078 kg/J.K Ch=ṁh Cp,hot =1x2.586 = 2.586 kg/J.K The one with the least value is Cmin and higher one is Cmax Calculations Cmax Cmin 18 Find ∆Tmax : From the equation ---> ∆Tmax= Th,in-Tc,in ∆Tmax= Th,in-Tc,in= 100 – 30 = 70 °C Plugging ∆Tmax and Cmin in to this equation ----> Qmax=CminΔTmax Qmax=CminΔTmax=(2.586kg/J.K )( 70C)=181 kW Find Heat transfer effectiveness "ε" C = Cmin/Cmax = 2.586/4.9078 = 0.526 NTU = 3.5x519.8/(2.586x〖10〗^3 ) = 0.704 From graph ε=0.45 19 Find actual Q : Q ̇= εQmax⁡〖=0.45x181=81.45 kW〗 This Q is used to obtain the outlet temperatures For cold side Q ̇=Cc*∆Tc 81.45kW =(4.9078 kg/J.K )(Tc,out-30) Tc,out=46.596° C For hot side Q ̇=Ch *∆Th 81.45 =(2.586 kg/J.K )(〖100-T〗h,out ) Th,out=68.5 °C 20 EXTRA : CORRECTION FACTORS ***chose the graph that is suitable for the type of HEX you're using*** P=(t2-t1)/(T1-t1)= (68.5-100)/(30-100)= 0.45 R =(T1-T2)/(t2-t1)= (30-48.6)/(30-1068.5-100)=0.60 From graph correction factor is 0.99 which is good as log mean temperature correction factor should be greater than 0.75 to avoid temperature approach problems. 21 Result summary Result summary Comparision between Aspen EDR and hand calculation 22 TEMA SHEET 23 Comparison chart Comparison chart 24

Heat Exchanger

Transcript: -Condensers -Evaporators -Direct contact (or open) heat exchangers -Undirect contact heat exchangers:- a)Regenerator b)Recuperators Idea Physical state of fluids Nature of heat exchange process There are widely varying application to heat exchangers so there are several different heat exchangers classified in different categories Relative direction of fluid motion Design and constructional features -Parallel flow or unidirectional flow -Counter flow -cross flow Heat exchangers are devices used to transfer heat between two or more fluid streams at different tempratures. They are widedly used in power generation in chemical processings,elctronic,coolin,air conditioning,refrigiration and other applications. Type of Heat exchangers Examples of heat exchangers What is a heat exchanger? -Concentric tubes -Shell and tube - Multiple shell and tube passes -Compact heat exchanger Heat Exchanger -Intercoolers and preheaters -Condensers and boilers in steam plants -Condensers and evaporators in refrigiration units -Regenerators -Automobile radiators -Oil Coolersof heat engine -Milk chiller of a pasteuring plant Direct contact heat exchangers:- the exchange of heat takes place directly by mixing of hot and cold fluids and transfer of heatr and mass take place simultaneously eg:--Cooling towers,jet condesers,Direct contact feed heaters Branch 3 Indirect Heat exchanger:- In this type of heat exchanger the heat transfer between two fluids could be carried out by transmission through which it seperates the 2 fluids the types are:- -Regenerators -Recuperators or surface exchangers THANK YOU Idea Recuperators:- this is the most important type of heat exchanger in which the flowing fluids exchanging heat are on either side of dividing wll .these heat exchangers are used when two fluids cant be allowed to mix eg:-Automobile radiators,Oil coolers,Air preheaters,Condensers,steam pwer plant,Milk chiller of pasteuring plant,Evaporator of an ice plant Regenerators:- In a regenrator type of heat exchanger the hot and cold fluid passes alternately through a space containing solid particles ,these particlesa sink and a source a for heat flow eg:-I.C engines and gas turbines,Open hearth and glass melting furnaces,Air heaters or blast furnaces By Hafeezur Rahiman

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