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Green Chemistry Powerpoint Template

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Green Chemistry

Transcript: Watch the film clip of ozone depletion... What is the difference between UV-a, -b and -c? The wavelengths of each radiation. You will need to know that: UV-a has a frquency of 320-400nm UV-b has a frequency of 280-320nm UV-c has a frequency of 200-280nm How do the gases absorb the radiation? Why are HCFCs and HFCs not suitable as a replacement of CFC? HCFCs and HFCs also contribute to global warming. Also each HCFC molecule is 10,000 times more potent as a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide. What are the three steps where a UV ray strikes a CFC in the statosphere? Initiation, Propagation (steps 1 and 2) and termination List the 4 steps where a chlorine radical is produced. To try and minismise climate change resulting into global warming, chemists are trying to: (i) providing scientific evidence to governments to verify that global warming is taking place, (ii) investigating solutions to environmental problems, such as carbon capture andstorage, CCS, ie the removal of waste carbon dioxide as a liquid injected deepin the oceans, storage in deep geological formations, by reaction with metal oxides to form stable carbonate minerals, (iii) monitoring progress against initiatives such as the Kyoto protocol; What does a catalyst do? What is aDsorption? (clue it doesn't mean: a taking in or reception by molecular or chemical action, as of gases or liquids.) Adsorption is when reactant molecules arrive at the surface of the catalyst and bond with the solid catalyst. So, using adsorption, how can catalytic converters reduce emissions? Adsorption of NO and CO to the catalyst What would happen if the adsorption was too strong? bonding to the catalyst surface must be weak enough for adsorption and desorption to take place but strong enough to weaken bonds and allow reaction to take place. 1) List 3 pollutants which can be emitted from a car engine? Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Oxides and unburnt hydrocarbons 2) How could you measure the amount of pollution in the air? By using INFARED SPECTRSCOPY 3) What is the greenhouse effect of a given gas dependent of? ‘Greenhouse Effect’ of a given gas is dependent both on its atmospheric concentration and its ability to absorb infrared radiation; (a) describe principles of chemical sustainability: (i) using industrial processes that reduce or eliminate hazardous chemicals and which involve the use of fewer chemicals, (ii) designing processes with a high atom economy that minimise the production of waste materials, (iii) using renewable resources such as plant-based substances, (iv) seeking alternative energy sources such as solar energy, rather than consuming finite resources such as fossil fuels that will eventually be exhausted, (v) ensuring that any waste products produced are non-toxic, and can be recycled or biodegraded by being broken down into harmless substances in the environment; (c) explain the importance of establishing international cooperation to promote the reduction of pollution levels; (b) explain that the apparent benefits may be offset by unexpected and detrimental side effects; (d) discuss issues of sustainability in contexts based on the principles in a–c: for carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and unburnt hydrocarbons: (i) explain their formation from the internal combustion engine, (ii) state environmental concerns from their toxicity and contribution to low-level ozone and photochemical smog; That's all. Thanks for watching ;) infrared radiation is absorbed by C=O, O–H and C–H bonds in H2O, CO2 and CH4, and that these absorptions contribute to global warming The Ozone 2CO(g)+ Biodegradable Recycling 2 2 Pollution C H (l)+ For the exam, you'll need to know: Sustainability O (g) 26 Pollution Catalytic converters reduce harmful exhaust emissions by changing pollutants such as CO into harmless gases like water vapour/nitrogen or into less harmful gases like CO2 Sustainability 2 2 Catalytic Convertor Chemistry Project (cc) photo by theaucitron on Flickr 2 (cc) photo by theaucitron on Flickr Catalytic Convertor 2CO (g) 18 O (g) 1/2 3 Trophosphere 12 Resources Unit 2 Chapter 4 Making the chemical industry more sustainable Using renewable raw materials i.e. plastics can be made from plant products rather than oil fractions Using renewable energy sources such as solar power or plant-based fuels. 1 Stratosphere The ozone layer 2 Many industrial chemical processes aren't sustainable. For example - crude oil (an unrenewable resource) is used in the plastics industry. Sustainability means developing processes that prevent the depletion of the Earth's natural resources and without damaging the environment for future generations. Atom economy Renewable sources Global warming UV-a UV-b UV-c Desorption of N and CO from the catalyst Chemical reaction forming N and CO 12CO (g)+13H O(l) 2 2

Chemistry Powerpoint

Transcript: Created by Jesus Valencia and Juan Estanislao for Mrs. Muldong Research Information and Bases Acids What are Acids and Bases? What are Acids and Bases? Acids Acids You can recognize acid in liquids by their tart, sour, or sharp taste. Many other acids are highly caustic and should not be put to the taste test. Strong Acids Strong Acids A Strong Acid is an acid that ionizes completely in a solvent. Examples of a Strong Acid are the following: Hydochloric Acid (HCL), Hydrobromic acid (HBr), Hydriodic acid (HI), Nitric acid (HNO3), Sulfuric acid, (H2SO4), Perchloric acid (HCL04), Periodic acid (HL04). Weak Acids Weak Acids Weak Acids are acids that releases few hydrogen ions in a aqueous solution. Examples of Weak Acids are the following: Acetic acid (CH3COOH), Hydrocyanic acid (HCN), Hydroflouric acid (HF), Nitrous acid (HNO2), Sulfurous acid (H2SO3), Hypochlorous acid (HOCL), Phosphoric acid (H3PO4). Bases Bases Unlike acids, which are usually liquids or gases, many common bases are solids. Solutions of bases are slippery to the touch, but touching bases is an unsafe way to identify them. Strong Bases Strong Bases Strong Bases are bases that ionizes completely in a solvent. Examples for Strong Bases are the following: Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Potassium hyrdroxide (KOH), Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2, Barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)2), and Sodium Phosphate (Na3PO4). Weak Bases Weak Bases Weak Bases are bases that releases few hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions. Examples of Weak Bases are the following: Ammonia (NH3), Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3), Potassium Carbonate (K2CO3), Aniline (C6H5NH2), and Trimethylamine (CH3)3N). Acidity, Basicity, and pH Acidity, and Basicity, and pH Water is both an acid and a base. This means that a water molecule can either give or receive a proton. For example when their are a pair of water molecules ---> (H2OCL)+ (H2OCL)---> (H3O) (aq)+ (OH) (aq). A pair of water molecules are in equilibrium with two ions- a hyrdronium ion and a hydroxide ion- in a reaction known as the selfionization of water. Thus, even pure water contains ions. When the concentration of (H3O) goes up, the concentration of (OH) goes down, and vice versa. An equilibrium- a constant expression relates the concentration of species involved in an equilibrium. The relationship for the water equilibrium is simply (H3O+) + (OH-)= Keq. This equilibrium constant is called the self-ionization constant of water. Its so important that it has its own special symbol,Kw. The product of these two ion concentration is always constant. The concentration of hydroxide ions in a solution expresses its bascicity. pH determines how basic or acidic something is. When acidity and basicity are exactly balanced such that the numbers of the (H3O+) and (OH-) ions are equal, we say that the solution is neutral. For an example, pure water is neutral because it contains equal amounts of the two ions. Certain dyes known as indicators, turn different colors in solutions of diferent pH. Neutralization and Titrations Neutrailization and Titrations When a solution has a high (H3O+) concentration, it high enough to react with and dissolve metals. High concentrations of (H3O+) (aq) and (OH-) (aq) cannot co-exist. Most of these ions have reacted with each other in a process known as a neutralization reaction. When solutions of a strong acid and a strong base, having exactly equal amounts of (H2O+) (aq) and (OH-) (aq) ions are mixed, almost all of the hydronium and hydroxide ions react to form water. The reaction is described by the equation: (H3O+) (aq) + (OH-) (aq) ---> (2H20Cl). The game reaction happens regardless of the identities of the strong acid and strong base. After hydrochloric acid neutralizes a solution of sodium hydroxide, the only solutes remaining are (Na+) (aq) and (Cl-) (aq). When the water is evaporated, a small amount of sodium chloride crystals. If an acidic solution is added gradualy to a basic solution, at some point the neutralization reaction ends because the hydroxide ions becomes used up. This process is called equivalence point. The gradual addition of one solution to another to reach an equivalence point is called a Titration. The purpose of a titration is to determine the concentration of an acid or a base. Titrant is used to measure the volume of the alkaline solution. To find the concentration of the solution being titrated, you must of course, already have the concentration of the titrant. A solution whose concentration is already known is called a standard solution. All indicators have a transition cage. In this range the indicator is partly in its basic form. The instand at which the indicator changes color is the end point of the titration. If an appropriate indicator is chosen, the end point and the equivalence point wiil be the same. Equilibria of weak Acids and Bases Equilibira of weak acids and bases Formic acid is a typical Bronstec- lowry acid, able to donate a proton to a base, such as the acetate ion, CH3COO. The name

Chemistry Powerpoint

Transcript: Never leave a lit burner unattended. Never leave anything that is being heated or visibly reacting unattended. Always turn off the burner or hot plate when not in use. Rule #9 Rule #50 Keep the lab clean. Materials (books, purses, backpacks, etc.) should be stored in the classroom area. Safety Rules

Chemistry Powerpoint

Transcript: More Stable - Ions are easily formed eactions LIGAND SUBSTITUTION - is a reaction in which one ligand in a complex ions is replaced by another ligand. The ligand that is replaced in most ligand substitution is water molecules. COMMON LIGANDS :OH - hydroxide (-1) :CN - cyanide (-1) :SCN - Thiocyanate (-1) :Cl - Chloride (-1) :NH3 - Ammonia (neutral) :OH2 - Water (neutral) First Reaction The water particles in the aqueous copper (II) ions dissociate and hydrogen gas is produced. A pale blue precipitate is formed Second Reaction The excess ammonia is acting as a ligand and kicks off four of the waters. A dark bue solution is formed. Concentrated hydrochloric is added to an aqueous solution containing cobalt (II) ions. Aqueous cobalt (II) ions are pale pink in colour and when hydrochloric acid it turns to a dark blue solution. The HCl replaces six water molecules in the complex ions are replaced by four chloride ions. The reaction is reversible and can be represent in a equilibrium equation. Definition: (Equilibrium) Left Ligand Substitution is the equilibrium constant for an equilibrium existing between a transition metal ion surrounded by water ligands and the complex formed when the same ion has undergone a ligand substitution. Stability Constant Aqueous Copper(II) ions and Hydrochloric Acid Right R Concentrated hydrochloric is added to an aqueous solution containing copper (II) ions. The solution starts off at pale blue solution, initially forms a green solution before finally turning yellow. The reaction exists in equilibrium and can be reversed by adding water to the yellow solution to return to its original colour blue. It turns green when there is equal concentrations of both aqueous copper(II) ions and concentrated HCl. High Stability constant Low Stability Constant Aqueous Cobalt(II) ions and Hydrochloric Acid LIGANDS SUBSTITUTION AND STABILITY CONSTANTS Explain what is meant by ligand substitute giving two examples that are accompanied by a color change and including equations in your answer. Aqueous Copper(II) ions and Ammonia

Chemistry Powerpoint

Transcript: Propane can exist as a liquid and a gas. In its most natural state, it is clear, odorless, colorless, and non-toxic. When it turns into a gas it becomes bubbly. Think of it this way, water is liquid and steam is water vapor. Fun Fact: *Propane is the 3rd most popular gas used in vehicle transportation* What its used for? Propane iiii Propane Explosions Looks Like? *Commercial odorant is added so it can be detected if it leaks from it's container* Propane mixed with butane is mainly used as vehicle fuel. Propane mixed with air can start a flame. Propane starts out as a liquid then turns into a gas when it is exposed to air which causes it to ignite. Propane undergoes combustion reactions in a similar fashion to other alkanes. In the presence of excess oxygen, propane burns to form water and carbon dioxide. *Propane is flammable when mixed with air (oxygen) and can be ignited* Where its found? How it got named? The risk with the gas comes at high levels of exposure where the propane has displaced enough oxygen to cause asphyxia. Asphyxia is where the body cannot acquire enough oxygen and could lead to death. In liquid form, the risk is that exposure will cause frostbite on your skin. Fun Fact: Propane is usually found mixed with natural gas and petroleum deposits in rocks deep underground. Propane is called a fossil fuel because it was formed millions of years ago from the remains of tiny sea animals and plants. Reactions Formula Propane is used as fuel for furnaces for heat, in cooking as an energy source for water heaters, laundry dryers, barbecues, portable stoves, and motor vehicles The "prop-" root found in "propane" and names of other compounds with three-carbon chains was derived from the origin "propionic acid" *Propane helps to reduce ozone depletion. It has the ability to replace chlorofluorocarbon & hydro fluorocarbon refrigerants* Effects: Chemical Compound: Who Discovered? Fun Fact: Fun Fact Propane wasn't discovered till 1912 when Dr. Walter Snelling was directing a series of experiments for the U.S. Bureau of Mines, he discovered that several evaporating gases could be changed into liquids and stored at moderate pressure. Dr. Snelling developed a way to "bottle" the wet (liquid) gas. One year later, the commercial propane industry began heating American homes.

Chemistry Powerpoint

Transcript: Chemical properties describe how things react Physical properties describe smell, sight, feeling etc Isotope: atoms of same element with a different number of neutrons Quantum Numbers Step 2: Start by energy level Ions: atom of an element with a charge Never use "mono" for first element in molecule The Periodic Table Polar and Polar mix Polar: when one side completely pulls Binary Salt Ionization Energy: amount of energy required to remove an electron Step 1: Identify how many electrons -One element after "H" -Add hydro- prefix -Ends in -ate, change ending to -ic N, L, Ml, Ms Ionic Bonds Step 1. Assume 100 grams Mixtures: -Homogenous: same throughout; consistent -Heterogenous: Different throughout; inconsistent Chemical and Physical Changes The Quantum Numbers Valence Shell: outer most shell of electron Protons: positive Electrons: negative Neutrons: neutral -When an ionic bond occurs, net charge should equal 0 J.J Thomson's experiment proved there was a negative charge within atom with help of the decotho ray experiment (I spelled "decotho" wrong) Rutherford discovered the the nucleus and protons with the gold-foil experiment Sub-atomic particles: protons, neutrons, electrons Core electrons: all electrons not in valence shell Non-polar: when everything pulls the same Steps Polyatomic Acid Dalton's Atomic Theory 1. All substances are made up of tiny particles called atoms 2. Nothing is smaller than an atom 3. Atoms of the same element are identical 4. Law of Conservation of Mass: matter cannot be neither created nor destroyed 5. Law of Constant Composition: all molecules of same compound are made of same ratio of element 2. Identify the anion and give its name, but change ending to -ide Ionic and Covalent Bonds Discoveries 5. Use mass of empirical formulas and given mole mass to identify molecular formula Use Latin prefixes Step 4. Simplify ratio by dividing by samllest number Electronegativity: attractedness of an atom to an electron; increases left to right on P.T Empirical Formulas: simplest ratio of elements in compounds Monoatomic Acid Hector Bocanegra Period 2 -Occurs with nonmetals and metals Non-polar and non-polar mix Atomic Radius: size of atom; distance from valence shell Types of Reactions -Occur when there is a large amount of difference in negativity Nonmetal + nonmetal Nomenclature -N: energy level -L: orbital -Ml: orientation -Ms: spin Covalent Bonds Sub-Atomic Particles History of Atom Polarity Electronegativity Molecular Formulas: the exact composition of a compound -Exist in nonmetal and nonmetal Solids -definite shape and definite volume Liquids -definite shape and indefinite volume Gas -indefinite shape and indefinite volume Empirical and Molecular Formulas Polar substances will always be uneven -Ends in -ite, change ending to -ous Step 2. Convert to moles Step 3. Write a ratio of elements -Octet Rule: valence shell should have 8 electrons Not all physical changes are permanent Color is a physical property; a CHANGE in color is a chemical 1. Identify the cation and give its full name Compounds and Molecules Acid Nomenclature Orbitals exist for every energy level, but only some exist on each energy level Electron Configuration - Made when ions are shared (electron) Synthesis- puts together Decomposition- separates Precipitation- combination of 2 liquids to a solid Single-Replacement- one swap Double-Replacement- two swaps Combustion- fire/explosion Redox- change in charge, one molecule steals an electron Nomenclature "Like dissolves Like" Element: cannot be broken down further a. If no charge is given, number of electrons=number of protons When element starts with vowel, drop "a" in prefix - In order to represent how covalent compounds are structured, we use a system called the Lewis Dot Structure Chemistry PowerPoint

Green Chemistry

Transcript: Green Chemistry “Applying fundamental knowledge of chemical processes and products to achieve elegant solutions with the ultimate goal of hazard-free, waster-free, energy efficient synthesis of non-toxic products without sacrificing efficacy of function” (Paul Anastas and John Warner) General Green chemistry involves the efficient use of energy, hazard reduction, waste minimisation and the use of renewable resources. The main focus is on methods that help to reduce or eliminate hazardous waste along with the “green approach”, which maintains that the best way to help minimise waste is to not produce it in the first place. These practises focus on the reduction of long-term damage to the environment and have major long-term cost benefits to businesses. Green chemistry is able to protect the planet from long-term deterioration by switching to renewable sources, biomaterials and creating chemicals that are biodegradable. The 12 Principles 1. Prevent waste 2. Design safer chemicals and products 3. Design less hazardous chemical syntheses 4. Use renewable raw materials 5. Use catalysts, not stoichiometric reagents 6. Avoid chemical derivatives 7. Maximise atom economy 8. Use safe solvents and reaction conditions 9. Increase energy efficiency 10. Design for degradation 11. Analyse in real time to prevent pollution 12. Minimise the potential for accidents Efficient Use of Energy Green chemistry focuses on the efficient use of energy using different chemical processes and one of these is metathesis. During these processes, catalyst molecules act to break and make double bonds between carbon atoms in such a way that atom groups change their position, similar to a dance as demonstrated by the video. These catalysts can be used in small amounts and are able to carry out a single reaction many times. Because of this, the quantities of chemicals required are kept to a minimum and this makes them very efficient and useful when dealing with a variety of applications such as the development of pharmaceuticals. Hazard Reduction Designing chemicals with maximum efficiency and minimum toxicity is the main goal for the pharmaceutical industry. New classes of insecticides are being developed that target the insect’s own hormones directly. This makes them very environmentally friendly, as the insecticide is now only toxic to the targeted species. It also means that smaller amounts of the chemical is required, reducing the quantities that need to be produced. Similarly, the chemical Sea-Nine™ has replaced compounds such as TBTO (tributyltin oxide) which had acute toxic effects on many marine animals when being used to keeps plants and animals off the hulls of ships. Sea-Nine™ has a half-life of twelve hours in seawater and one hour in sediment, meaning that it is capable of keeping the hulls of ships clean but doesn’t accumulate in marine animals to the same extent as TBTO. Various solvents, such as tetra chloromethane and chloroform that are typically used in large quantities such as dry-cleaning, are now being replaced with supercritical carbon dioxide. A supercritical fluid is a substance that has properties of both a gas and a liquid. Tetrachloroethene or ‘perc’ is a commonly used solvent in the dry-cleaning industry. It is a very unstable substance and may have the potential to cause cancer in living tissue. It has unpleasant side effects to humans, even at low concentrations; therefore it has to be disposed of as a hazardous waste. Perc is now being replaced by sc〖CO〗2, which is carbon dioxide as a supercritical fluid. The use of this substance is an environmentally friendly solution as it can be obtained as a by-product from other industries. It doesn’t have any of the problems of toxicity, unlike ‘perc’, and is also relatively easy to reuse. Waste Minimisation An example of where green chemistry has helped to minimise waste is with the pharmaceutical Zoloft®. By reducing the amount of raw materials used to make setraline, its active ingredient, the production process has been condensed from three steps into one as well as reducing the amount of waste produced. Use of Renewable Resources Polylactic acid polymers are an example of a renewable resource, being used in a variety of applications such as clothing fibres and as packaging material. They are recyclable and biodegradable and use up to 50% less fossil fuel resources when being created compared to other polymers. Also, researchers have developed a biodegradable composite material with properties similar to that of steel. As well as being biodegradable, it is made from renewable sources and can be used for indoor building applications. Bibliography Images: http://www.greenchemistry.umb.edu/images/green_chemistry2.jpg http://www.retsel.com.au/update/images/tree.gif http://www.homebritecleaning.com.au/uploads/3-green_cleaning.jpg http://medcatalog.net/picture-drug/zoloft-pfizer-100mg.jpg Information: Lukins, N Heinemann Chemistry 1 Enhanced 4th Ed. Port Melbourne:

Chemistry PowerPoint

Transcript: -Born/Death/Age Died/Nationality -Born 384 BC in Stageira, Chalcidice. And died 322 BC in Euboea at the age of 61 or 62.) -Aristotle was a Greek Philosopher and Polymath. -Contributions To Science -Aristotle proposed the fifth element of "Aether," which consists of celestial bodies and stars, along with the already established other four elements of: Earth, Water, Air, and Fire. -Aristotle defined motion as "The actuality of a potentiality as such." -Aristotle was one of the first people to make a way to classify living things. -Born/Died/Death Age/Nationality -Born 460 BC in Abdera, Thrace. Died 370 BC at the age of 90. -Democritus was an Ancient Greek Philosopher. -Contributions To Science -Came up with the Theory that everything is made up of "atoms" with Leucippus. -Proposed the earliest views on the shapes and connectivity of atoms. -Has a type of atom named after him. The Democritean atom. -The democritean atom is an inert solid that interacts with other atoms mechanically. Democritus Democritus Powerpoint By: Jear Bear (: Democrites & Aristotle Aristotle Aristotle -Interesting Life Facts!! -Aristotle wrote many books over the subjects of Physics, Metaphysics, Poetry, Theater, Music, Logic, Rhetoric, Linguistics, Politics, Government, Ethics, Biology, and Zoology. -Taught Alexander The Great and was a student of Plato. -Interesting Life Facts -Most of his discoveries/contributions to science were with his mentor Leucippus. -Formulated the Atomic Theory for the world.

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