Colonial America
Transcript: Colonial America Covenent Community New England was settled by Puritans seeking freedom from religious persecution in Europe. They formed a "covenant community" based on the principles of the Mayflower Compact. They practiced a form of direct democracy through town meetings. Puritans were often intolerant of those not sharing their religion. Opportunity The Middle Atlantic region was settled chiefly by English, Dutch, and German-speaking immigrants seeking religious freedom and economic opportunity. Cavaliers Virginia and the other Southern colonies were settled by people seeking economic opportunities. Some of the early Virginia settlers were "cavaliers" - English nobility who received large land grants in eastern Virginia from the King of England. Small Farmers Jamestown Jamestown, established in 1607 by the Virginia Company of London as a business venture, was the first permanent English settlement in North America. The House of Burgesses The Virginia House of Burgesses was the first elected assembly in the New World. Interactions among Europeans, Africans, and American Indians The explorations and settlements of the English in the American colonies and Spanish in the Caribbean, Central America, and South America, often led to violent conflicts with the American Indians. Loss of territory The Indians lost their traditional territories and fell victim to diseases carried from Europe. By contrast, French exploration of Canada did not lead to large-scale immigration from France, and relations with the Indians was better. Slave Trade Economic characteristics of the Colonial Period The New England colonies developed an economy based on shipbuilding, fishing, lumbering, small-scale subsistence farming, and eventually, manufacturing. Puritans The colonies prospered, reflecting the Puritans' strong belief in the values of hard work and thrift. Middle Colonies The middle colonies of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Delaware developed economies based on shipbuilding, small-scale farming, and trading. New York, Philadelphia and Southern Colonies Cities such as New York, and Philadelphia, and Southern colonies developed and began to grow as seaports and/or commercial centers. Cash Crops Economies in the Southeastern coastal lowlands were based on large plantations that grew "cash crops" such as tobacco, rice, and indigo for export to Europe. Appalachian Foothills Farther inland, however, in the mountains and valleys of the Appalachian foothills, the economy was based on small-scale subsistence farming, hunting, and trading. Private Ownership A strong belief in private ownership of property and free enterprise characterized colonial life. Social Characteristics New England's colonial society was based on religious standing. Rhode Island was founded by dissenters fleeing persecution by Puritans in Massachusetts. Religious Groups The middle colonies were home to multiple religious groups, including Quakers in Pennsylvania, Huguenots and Jews in New York and Presbyterians in New Jersey. These colonies had more flexible social structures and began to develop a middle class of skilled artisans, entrepreneurs (business owners), and small farmers. Ownership Virginia and the other Southern colonies had a social structure based on family status and the ownership of land. Large landowners in the eastern lowlands dominated colonial government and society and maintained an allegiance to the Church of England and closer social ties to Britain than did those in the other colonies. Further Inland In the mountains and valleys further inland, however, society was characterized by small subsistence farmers, hunters, and traders of Scots-Irish and English descent. Great Awakening The "Great Awakening" was a religious movement that swept both Europe and the colonies during the mid-1700s. American Revolution It led to the rapid growth of evangelical religions such as the Methodists and Baptists and challenged the established religious and governmental order. It laid one of the social foundations for the American Revolution. Middle Colonies Middle colonies incorporated a number of democratic principles that reflected the basic rights of Englishmen. Southern Colonies Southern colonies maintained stronger ties with Britain, with planters playing leading roles in representative colonial legislatures. Agricultural Economy The growth of a plantation-based agricultural economy in the hot, humid coastal lowlands of the Southern colonies required cheap labor on a large scale. Indentured Servants Some of the labor needs, especially in Virginia, were met by indentured servants, who were often poor persons from England, Scotland, or Ireland who agreed to work on plantations for a period in time in return for their passage from Europe or relief from debts. Triangle Trade Most plantation labor needs eventually came to be satisfied by the forcible importation of Africans. Slaves The first Africans were brought against their will to