GCSE PE The Skeletal System

Unit 32: The Skeletal System

Fine Movements

This can be anything from adjusting your hand position during a game of snooker to adjusting your grip during a game of squash or badminton.

They are basically all of the smaller movements needed in sport.

Coarse Movements

Of course you can!

These are the bigger sporting movements such as throwing a javelin or kicking a football.

Unit 33: Joints and Movement

• Flexion - the angle of the joint gets smaller
• Extension - the angle of the joint increases
• Abduction - movement away from the body
• Adduction -movement towards the body
• Rotation - movement around the body

Bone Growth

Bones continue to grow until you are 18, when most people have attained their adult height. Regular exercise helps bones to develop and become strong. It also increases bone Density. Heavier bones = Stronger bones.

Ligament Strength

Not only do bones become stronger but ligaments and

tendons become stronger

and more flexible as a result

of regular exercise.

young people (you!) should not do too much of certain types of training such as Weight Training and Long Distance Running as it can cause the bones of people who are growing to develop unevenly. So stay away from big irons and marathons until you are old enough!

There is nothing good about getting old! Bones become lighter with age and their Density and Strength are gradually reduced. This is a natural occurrence, however it can become a problem if too much bone is lost, resulting in Weak Skeleton and Bones which can break easily. This condition is called osteoporosis. But do not fear exercise can help! In particular weight bearing exercises such as walking, running, tennis and aerobics are good as they put weight and pressure on certain bones, increasing their Strength.

•They are alive! A child’s skeleton is replace cell by cell every two years.

•They stop growing in length by the age of around 16-18. They do however continue to increase in density.

•They deteriorate from the age of 35. As I said there is nothing good about growing old!

Injuries

This is basically a damaged ligament.

The most common sprain occurs in the ankle (twisted ankle). This is because this injury is usually sustained during invasion games and net wall games where agility is a key component of the sport.

The injury occurs as a result of an individual inverting their ankle inwards or outwards. Can you think of any other areas of the body that can be sprained in other sports?

RICE

STOP! Stop playing, training, stop everything!

Cold provides pain relief and limits swelling (this prevents the healing process).

Use pressure to hold the ice pack on. It also limits swelling. Tidy!

Raise the injury. This reduces swelling. Bonus!

Unit 34: Exercise and the Skeletal System

However...

Structure

Basic Parts

The Effect of Exercise on the Skeletal System

Joint capsule

• joint capsule
• joint cavity
• articular cartilage

• Made from fibrous connective tissue
• Lined with synovial membrane
• Fits over ends of the two bones
• Holds bones together securely
• Allows movement at joint

• Attaches to bone shaft, forming the periosteum
• Ligaments grow out of periosteum hand lash two bones together

Joint Cavity

• Space inside joint capsule
• Between/around ends of joining bones
• Filled with synovial fluid

Articular Cartilage

• Covers ends of bones
• Absorbs jolts (like rubber heel on shoe)
• Creates a smooth surface = reduces friction
• Synovial fluid also helps reduce friction

Hinge

Ball-and-Socket

Finally: A few facts about BONES!

Structure

Location

Like hinges on a door

Structure

Location

shoulder

hip

Ball shaped head of one bone fits into concave socket of another

• Elbow
• Knee
• Fingers

Joints

Movement

Widest range of movements

Bending and extending

The Importance of Weight Bearing Exercise

• forward
• backward
• out
• in
• circular

Pivot

Structure

Location

Small projection of one bone pivots in an arch of another bone

• 1st two cervical vertebra
• radius & ulna

Movement

rotating

Unit 35: Injuries to the skeletal system and the importance of diet.

Objectives

Skeletal System

Support

Protection

• Bones protect what's inside
• Skull protects?
• Breastbone/ribs protect?
• Bones (especially long bones) protect?

• Supporting framework
• The skeleton supports your body when walking, running, doing somersaults or just sitting down
• Soft tissue "hangs" off skeleton

Movement

Blood Production

Can you think of any?

• Making blood cells
• Happens in red bone marrow

• Muscles pull on bones to allow both course and fine movement.
• Tendons allow muscles to do this as they attach bone to muscle.

Can you think of any?

Functions

Movement at Joints

Injuries to Bones

Injuries to joints

By the end of this unit you will need to know:

• the potential for injuries such as fractures and joint injuries.
• Common treatment (RICE)
• The importance of diet including the effect of calcium on bones.

Closed Fractures

Dislocation

The skin over the break is not damaged

Fractures

This is when a bone is forced out of its normal position.

Tennis and Golfers Elbow

A fracture is a broken or cracked bone. This can occur through impact or severe twisting of a joint.

Symptoms include:

• Pain around the area
• If the injury is a limb an inability to move the limb.
• Deformity is another symtom

Both are overuse injuries to tendons at the elbow joints.

Tennis - Outside

Golfers - Inside

Compound Fractures

The broken bone petrudes through the skin. This presents a risk of infection.

Sprains

Now try to label the joints and movements at each joint on this athlete

Torn Cartilage

Simple Fractures

Stress Fractures

They are common in repetitive activities played on hard surfaces usch as basketball, tennis and road running.

People that suffer stress fractures have been proven to be more susceptible to osteoporosis in old age.

Fractures take place in one line, with no displacement of the bone.

Green stick fractures are also included in this category. This means that only part of the bone is broken.

What types of movement are available at joints?

Overuse injuries!

These can happen as a result of muscle fatigue which means they are unable to absorb shock. However they can also occur when playing on different surfaces or through a sharp increaase in intensity.

This is a tear to the elastic substance found at the ends of bones of a synovial joint.

Flexion

Adduction

Extension

Abduction

Rotation

How to work each movement out