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Betty Neuman Systems Model

Health includes:

  • Stability
  • Reconstitution
  • Wellness
  • Illness

Health

Application

  • influence of environment on health
  • looks at health and wellness as existing on a continuum
  • looks at all variable affecting a patient
  • goal as nurses is to reduce the encounter with stressors or diminish their effect

Harmony and balance between the internal and external environment

Wellness occurs when the clients flexible lines of defense has prevented penetration

Environment

The Person

  • Internal environment: exists within the client system
  • External environment: exist outside the client system
  • Created Environment: created and developed unconsciously by the client

THE END

Limitations to the Theory

  • Three hypothetical boundaries
  • lines of resistance
  • normal lines of defense
  • flexible lines of defense
  • Mainly focuses on prevention, rather than promotion
  • Does not include promotion of self-efficacy of the client
  • Concept of lines of defense is not congruent with all individuals
  • Stressors that improve wellness?

Stressors

Lines of Resistance

Flexible Line of Defense

  • homeostatic mechanisms such as neuroendocrine system

  • if these are not effective, the core becomes vulnerable
  • maximum potential for change

  • can be extended and strengthened

  • includes variables such as nutrition, sleep, exercise, and social activity

Any environmental force which can potentially affect the stability of the system:

  • Intrapersonal- occur within person
  • Interpersonal- occur between individuals
  • Extrapersonal- occur outside the individuals

Normal Lines of Defense

  • represent what the clients have become over time

  • include intelligence, habits, problem solving, and coping abilities

  • include genetic and physical makeup

The Theory

Introduction

  • Neuman published and edited various works on her theory, including:

  • "A Model for Teaching Total Person Approach to Patient Problems" in 1972

  • "The Betty Neuman Health-care Systems Model: A Total Person Approach to Patient Problems"

  • "The Neuman Systems Model: Application to Nursing Education and Practice" 1982
  • history/education
  • the theory itself/publications
  • nursing metaparadigm
  • person
  • environment
  • nursing
  • health
  • applications
  • limitations
  • class discussion

Education History

Nursing

BSc in Public Health/Psychology

BSc in Nursing from UCLA

Ph.D Clinical Psychology

from Pacific Western

Born in Lowel Ohio

1966

1947

1998

Psychological

1985

1957

1924

Sociocultural

Neuman Systems Model

Mental processes, functions and emotions

RN from Peoples Hospital of Nursing Akron, Ohio

Honorary doctorate from Grand Valley State University

Relationships; social and cultural functioning

MSc Mental Health and Public Health Consultation from

UCLA

  • Focus on client system

  • Client is viewed as an open system

  • Client viewed as a whole being who interacts with the environment

Person

  • Profession is concerned with the five person variables

  • Holistic nursing approach

  • Dynamic application

References

Physiological

Metaparadigm consists of 4 concepts: Person, Environment, Health, Nursing

Bodily structure and function

The Five Person Variable

Neuman defined nursing as:

"The action which assists individuals, families and groups to maintain maintain maximum level of wellness and the primary aim is stability of the client system, through nursing interventions to reduce stressors". (as cited in Neuman, n.d.)

Envisioned a three stage nursing process

Spiritual

Influence of spiritual beliefs (faith and religion)

Developmental

Life's developmental processes

The Nursing Role

Fulbrook, P. (1991). The application of the Neuman Systems Model to intensive care. Intensive Care Nursing, 7, 28-39.

Global Immersions Inc. (2008). Boston: City of Culture [computer generated image]. Retrieved from http://www.bostonhomestayblog.com

Gonzalo, A. (2011). Theoretical Foundations of Nursing: Betty Neuman. Retrieved from http://nursingtheories.weebly.com/betty-neuman.html

Hallick, J. (2013).We have an intuition that is so strong, if we just stop for long enough to listen [photograph]. Fruit-powered digest. Retrieved from http://fruit-powered.com

InMomento (2013). Come comunicare con gli stati vegetativi? [photograph]. Retrieved from http://www.vita.it

Neuman, B. (n.d.). Neuman Systems Model. Retrieved from http://www.neumansystemsmodel.org

Ross, M., Bourbonnais, F., & Carroll, G. (1987). Curricular Design and the Betty Neuman Systems Model: a new Approach to Learning. International Nursing Review, 34(3/273), 75-79.

Ross, M., & Bourbonnais, F. (1985). The Betty Neuman systems model in nursing practice: a case study approach. Journal Of Advanced Nursing, 10(3), 199-207. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.1985.tb00513.x

The Institute of Art and Ideas (2012). The Physical and Psychological Differences Between Men and Women [video]. Retrieved from http://iai.tv

University of Central Lancashire (n.d.). Sport and Exercise Physiology MSc [computer generated image]. Retrieved from www.uclan.ac.uk

The role of the nurse is seen in terms of degree of reaction to stressors, and the use of primary, secondary, and tertiary interventions

Primary Prevention

Occurs before the system reacts to a stressor

Strengthens the person to enable him or her to better deal with stressors

Includes health promotion and the maintenance of health and wellness

Secondary Prevention

Occurs after the system reacts to a stressor

Focuses on preventing damage to the central core by strengthening the the internal lines of resistance and/or removing the stressor

Tertiary Prevention

Occurs after the system has been treated through secondary prevention strategies

Offers support to the client and attempts to add energy to the system or reduce energy needed in order to facilitate reconstitution

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