LO3- Descriptive Statistics

Hello, This is Andrew Menard.

So this presentation will be on descriptive statistics and how

they can perpetuate oppression for a press groups.

And before we begin, I want to briefly discuss descriptive

statistics. What is a descriptive statistic?

As described in the article we read titled The Uses

of Descriptive Statistics, descriptive statistics are the opposite of inferential

statistics, primarily in the sense that they do not or

should not generalize data from a sample population to a

broader population.

In short, you wouldn't sample 10 individuals in a community

and then take those results from those 10 individuals and

apply them to represent the whole entire community.

That would not be a descriptive statistics that would be

inferential because you're inferring that what the's 10 people reported

is true with everyone else in the community.

Um, also descriptive statistics can be viewed as a type

of statistic that takes data and presents it in a

clear and organized fashion.

So that's an overview of what descriptive statistics are.

So the first group or pair of oppressed and privileged

groups that I want to look at is migrants and

natural born citizens.

So what is the issue for migrants in the United

States, migrants are an oppressed group, whereas Natural born citizens

are their counterpart as a privileged group and many natural

born citizens in the United States, they question migrants when

they are in the United States because they don't know

if they are here, legally or illegally.

But they have a mindset that a lot of people

who they see that have my have immigrated to the

United States are here illegally.

So what of the statistics show?

If you look at the first statistic on the left,

it shows that in 16 342,056 aliens were removed from

the United States.

Of that 340,056 39.9% of them were considered criminal and

then below that pie chart.

You'll see numbers that represent, um, where the removed aliens

came from, and you can see that by far, Mexico

is the place of origin for 72.1% of the removed

aliens. So what does this mean?

If you looked at this statistic alone, there's a couple

of assumptions or takeaways that one might have that continue

to oppress, um, migrants.

So first of all, you see 340,056.

That's a big number right on the top.

And the point of it is to show this is

a large amount of people that were removed from the

United States.

Sure, 340,056 people.

That's a huge number.

So I might say, Wow, 340,056 people.

We're here in the United States illegally.

That's a lot.

And then, I might say to myself, almost 40% of

those people were criminal.

Therefore, I'm assuming that 40% of the immigrants are criminal,

that their violent in some sense and then down below.

I look at the places of origin for these immigrants,

and I see that 72% of them were from Mexico

into me.

What that means is that I am now going to

assume that 72% of immigrants in the United States are

from Mexico.

So how does this apply in the real world?

If I'm out at the store and I see someone

who looks like they may be from Mexico, I'm going

to assume a couple of things.

I might assume that their criminal they're violent.

I might assume that they're here illegally.

And overall, I'm just gonna have a negative outlook on

that person because that's what this statistic is shown me.

However, I included a second statistic that puts this first

statistic into perspective.

In 16 1,185,505 individuals came into the United States legally.

So if you compare the 340,000 roughly to roughly 1.2

million, 1.2 million is obviously the bigger number.

It's almost triple.

There's almost three times as many people in the United

States here legally than illegally.

So this statistic on the left is misleading because it

doesn't show the overall population.

Sure it's representing.

It's true in saying that 340,000 people came here illegally,

but 340,000 out of what?

And it's that out of what that is really important

for us to know the next group of away, I

actually need to back up a little bit.

Oops. I also want to include in here, um, that

some of the characteristics of descriptive statistics can be seen

here. So, for example, if you look up here where

it says 340,056 um, aliens were removed from the United

States. That's a descriptive statistic because it's taking the number

and showing us or explaining to us who this numbers

representing what was what it's representing and why.

So it's saying that this amount of people were aliens

and they were removed from the United States.

It's giving us a brief summary of what the data

found, and it's presenting it to us in a very

clear and organized fashion.

Um, And then, if you look over at the second

statistic, you'll see up on the top.

It puts these numbers into, um, perspective.

It's not just saying 16 2001.2 million people, but rather

it's saying in 16 2001.2 million people came to the

United States as lawful permanent residents.

So it's taking a statistic, presenting it to us clearly

in an organized fashion so that we can understand it

now we could move on.

So the second group of individuals that I want to

look at is a net uneducated versus educated individuals.

What's the issue?

Uneducated into individuals are an oppressed group, whereas educated individuals

are a privileged group and uneducated individuals are often viewed

as people who won't gain employment after they graduate from

high school.

Unless they go to college, someone who is uneducated is

assumed to be working somewhere that doesn't pay well or

not working at all.

And so let's look at the statistics of that.

So this graph right here this visual representation of the

statistics has three categories.

The first category way on the left.

That first set of bars is representative of the total

amount of people, both male and female, who, um either

did have employment after school or no appointment.

The middle cluster of bars is representative of just males,

and the set of bars, all the way on the

right is representative of just females and for the sake

of only wanting to look at educated versus uneducated were

only going to focus on the set of ours on

the left that is representative of the combined group.

Because even within male and female, there is an oppressed

group and a privileged group.

So if we looked at females who are uneducated, it's

taking too many components and putting it together So we're

gonna look all the way on the left and you'll

see that I put to our Rose in there.

If you look at the left arrow, it's showing that

74% of individuals who have completed high school gained employment.

If you look at the arrow on the right side,

it's saying that 87% of individuals who completed um they're

bachelors degree or higher in college, 87% gained employment after

graduating, and I have a couple of things to say

about this.

First of all, 74% of people who leave high school

got a job.

That's a big percentage.

It's more than half.

It's almost 3/4 and when someone says, Oh, you didn't

go to school, you're not gonna have a job.

You didn't go to college.

You won't have a job.

The assumption people are making is that a majority of

people who don't go to college will not have a

job. But I asked the statistic shows That's not true.

There's still a large percent of people who did have

a job.

I also want to draw your attention to the clip

it on the bottom that says note.

I'm not gonna read it to you.

But what it says is that these numbers are not

inclusive of people who go into the military.

And I point that out because there's a lot of

people that after high school, their plan is to not

go to college but instead go into the military.

And so this graph is showing that 74% of individuals

who graduate high school gain employment, But it's not taking

into consideration the amount of people that go into the

military. So another piece of this graph that I want

to point out is, um, what these numbers are for

lack of better words.

So this chart shows the mean, which is a measure

of central tendency of how many people of varying education

are employed.

For example, let's look at the total amount of unemployed

people who complete high school.

So the arrow on the left that 74% waas, um

determined by taking the number of working high school graduates

by the number and dividing it by the number of

total subjects which is representing the number of working and

a kn working high school grads.

So they took the amount of working high school graduates

and divided it by the number of high school graduates

and came up with 74%.

That's an example of central tendency, a measure of central

tendency. Do you do?

And next, the next pair of um, oppressed and privileged

individuals that I want to look at is black individuals

versus white individuals.

Black individuals are in a press group, and white individuals

are a privileged group.

And part of the reason that black individuals are in

a press group is because they're viewed as not accomplishing

the same level of success in general as white individuals.

And within that, I found a statistic about homeownership rates

based on race slash ethnicity all the way from 1976

to 2016.

And so what you're seeing in this graph and is

the blue dots representing how many white individuals owns their

home every year since 1976.

The pink dots represent black individuals, and those grey dots

represent Hispanic individuals were not going to focus on Hispanic

individuals now, but it's part of the graph, so I

wanted to point it out When I look at this

graph, if I don't take anything else into consideration simply

what's in front of me.

I'm looking at this statistic and saying to myself, Wow,

why individuals are much more likely to own their home,

then black individuals.

And again if I don't take anything else into consideration,

I might say the reason that black individuals are, um,

not owning homes is because they're doing something wrong, OK,

but what that's not taking into consideration is the fact

that for years, for many, many, many, many years, black

individuals weren't able to get a home loan the same

way white individuals were.

So there's other factors that go into why this graph

looks the way it does, but it's not being represented.

Tow us.

So it's perpetuating the idea that black individuals aren't as

successful as white individuals.

But that's it's not Onley because they're black.

This is a correlation.

It's not a causation

LO3- Descriptive Statistics

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