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Prototypes & Stereotypes
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Prototypes & Stereotypes
..whats the difference?
EXTENSION
Conclusion
•Extension of a predicate = group of all individuals(characteristics) to which that predicate can apply
Stereotypes are expressions of things learned second hand
•Potentially be referred to using an expression whose main element is that predicate..
EXTENSION & SENSE
- Knowledge of sense provides an idea of its extension
For example;
Extension of WINDOW= all windows in the world
Extension of DOG= all dogs in world
Extension of RED= all things red
EXTENSION & REFERENCE
- The referent = the individual member of the extension
EVALUATING THE EXTENSION THEORY
(-) Too ambiguous
Context can usually help..
Stereotypes= abstract
Prototypes= the actual thing
• Independent of any particular occasion of utterance (like sense)
• Connects the linguistic unit to non-linguistic
CONCEPT
PROTOTYPE
= mental construction that stands in relation to a clear category of things
1. Codification of experience
2. Communication
=usually the most typical member of its extension
Prototype of a predicate is an object that is held to be very typical of the kind of object being referred to
FRAMES (Filmore 1982)
Speakers have theories about the world based on experience
For example; BACHELOR
..we don't think of The Pope
For EXAMPLE:
When thinking of a BIRD we think PIGEON not OSTRICH
When thinking of FURNITURE we think TABLE/CHAIR not LAMP
STEREOTYPE
RECAP
SENSE= The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language. For example bank/bank
REFERENCE=The referent of an expression is often a thing or a person in the world
Both involve a description of typical characteristics
- Confusion between the two
- The prototype of a tree is the actual tree
- The stereotype of a tree the characteristics we imagine it to be
- Breakdown of semantic concepts