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From Thailand and Laos to the United States
When the communism in Laos and Vietnam got really bad, America arranged to airlift 1,000-3,000 Hmong into Thailand refugee camps. By December 1975, Lao People's Democratic Republic was formed. By that time, around 44,000 Hmong had fled into Thailand as refugees. This is an economic push, that push the Hmong out of Laos.
After all official refugee camps in Thailand serving the Hmongs were closed in the mid 1990s, some Hmong people migrated to the USA, but many fled to rural areas of Thailand and stayed there.
Difficulty learning English, made education
and finding employement very difficult. Also,
hostility from people from the USA makes life there a lot more challenging. Since most Hmong people were farmers who were not very educated and skilled, they were not very advanced. They also found it hard to balance their culture with that of the american culture.
Because it was forced migration the Hmong had no where to go. They had no choice since it was not voluntary.
It was forced international migration. The Hmong migrated to America, to get away from the communist persucution in Laos and Vietnam.
The important thing about the Hmong migration is that most of them came as refugees or soldiers because of the war & ways of communist Vietnam and Laos.
The Hmong that migrated to the United States are mainly from Laos, where they are considered an ethnic minority group.
The Hmong and other Laotian immigrants were helped by the passage of the Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act of 1975 in their efforts to relocate after the Vietnam War ended. During the Vietnam War, Hmong villagers "secret army" worked alongside the CIA in their fight against the North Vietnamese in what has been called a “secret war” in Laos.
The Hmong instead tended to go and live in places & within communities where other Hmong lived.
Because of that, as shown in the map, 89 percent of Hmong immigrants settled in California, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Michigan. California had the largest Hmong population, but Minnesota had the highest concentration.
Migration to the US was involuntary by an economic push, which was the communism in Laos. The first people to migrate to the USA were the men who were taken to America, as part of General Vang Pao's "secret army" which had come togehter with US war efforts during the Vietnam War. In 1980, because of the Refugee Act of 1980, families of the secret army were permitted to immigrate to the United States, representing the second wave of Hmong Immigration. Later, people fled because of postwar hardships, including declining economies, crop failure because of communist farm problems, and drought. The first flow to the United States included approximately 3,500 Hmong by December 1975.
http://www.migrationinformation.org/usfocus/display.cfm?ID=281
http://www.asian-nation.org/hmong.shtml
http://www.jefflindsay.com/Hmong_tragedy.html
http://immigration-online.org/551-hmong-immigrants.html
Because of their role in the US-led war in Laos, approximately 90 percent of Hmong refugees have been resettled to the United States. Since 1975, more than 200,000 Hmong have fled Laos as refugees.
Policies in the US dispersed refugees, but chain migration enabled Hmong refugees to reconstruct community in various locations throughout the country