INDIRECT STRATEGIES
Centering your learning
Arranging and planning your learning
Evaluating your learning
Social
Cooperating with others
Empathizing with others
DIRECT STRATEGIES
Applying images and sounds
Guessing intelligently
- Using linguistic clues
- Using other clues
Overcoming limitations in speaking and writing
- Switching to the mother tongue
- Getting help
- Using mime or gesture
- Avoiding communication partially or totally
- Selecting the topic
- Adjusting or approximating the message
- Coining words
- Using a circumlocution or synonym
Metacognitive
Affective
Social
Cognitive
Memory
Compensation
Cognitive
Metacognitive
Practicing
Creating structure for input and output
Receiving and sending messages
Analyzing and reasoning
- Repeating
- Formally practicing with sounds and writing systems
- Recognizing and using formulas and patterns
- Recombining
- Practicing naturalistically
- Taking notes
- Summarizing
- Highlighting
- Overviewing and linking with already material
- Paying attention
- Delaying speech production to focus on listening
- Getting the idea quickly
- Using resources for receiving and sending messages
- Reasoning deductively
- Analyzing expressions
- Analyzing contrastively
- Translating
- Transferring
- Finding out about language learning
- Organizing
- Setting goals and objectives
- Identifying the purpose of a language task
- Planning for a language task
- Seeking practice opportunities
- Self-monitoring
- Self-evaluating
Asking questions
- Asking for clarification
- Asking for correction
- Cooperating with peers
- Cooperating with proficient users of new language
- Developing cultural understanding
- Becoming aware of others' thoughts and feelings
Memory
Affective
Creating mental linkages
Lowering your anxiety
- Grouping
- Associating/elaborating
- Placing new words into a context
Employing action
Encouraging yourself
- Using progressive relaxation, deep breathing, or meditation
- Using music
- Using laughter
Taking your emotional temperature
Reviewing well
- Making positive statements
- Taking risks wisely
- Rewarding yourself
- Using imagery
- Semantic mapping
- Using keywords
- Representing sounds in memory
- Using physical response or sensation
- Using mechanical techniques
- Listening to your body
- Using a check list
- Writing a language learning diary
- Discussing your feelings with someone else
Compensation
INDIRECT AND DIRECT STRATEGIES
LANGUAGE LEARNING STRATEGIES