- 1628 – William Harvey, an English physician, first describes blood circulation.
- 1733 – Stephen Hales, an English scientist, first measures blood pressure
- 1816– Rene T. H. Laennec, a French physician, invents the stethoscope.
- 1903 – Willem Einhoven, a Dutch physician, develops the electrocardiograph.
Milestones
Types of Heart Disease
Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)
- Caused by a plaque in the coronary arteries.
- Death of a cardiac tissue due to lack of blood supply.
- Causes permanent damage to the heart muscle.
Capillaries
- From arterioles, blood enters the capillaries, where the exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and cells takes place.
- They are the smallest vessels. Its walls are only one cell thick and they are 1/10 of the width of a hair.
- There are about 10 billion capillaries in the body.
- They reach virtually every cell.
Types of Circulatory Circuits
- Pulmonary Circuit- In the pulmonary circuit, blood leaves the heart through the pulmonary arteries, enters the lungs, and reenters the heart through the pulmonary veins carrying oxygenated blood.
- Systemic Circuit- In the systemic circuit, the oxygenated blood leaves the heart through the aorta, distributes oxygen through the systemic arteries, then returns to the heart through systemic veins.
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Blood Vessels
- The arteries carry oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.
- The veins carry the unoxygenated blood back to the heart.
- The capillaries connect the two together and exchange oxygen and nutrients with waste from the blood to cells in the body.
Blood Vessels
Heart Attack Treatments
- Stent- A surgically placed wire mesh tube that is placed in a coronary artery to keep it open so blood can flow.
- Bypass Surgery- It takes a healthy artery or vein from another part of the body and connects it to the aorta and diseased artery.
- Angioplasty- A tube with a balloon on the end is threaded into the blocked artery. The balloon is filled with liquid which presses the plaque against the artery wall. This opens up the artery.
- Blood vessels are hollow tubes that transport blood to and from the organs.
- Three types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries.
Heart Failure
Coronary Artery Disease
Circulation of Blood
- The lungs then pump the blood into the left atrium.
- The left atrium moves the blood into the left ventricle, which pumps the blood throughout the body, restarting the cycle.
- Plaque buildup in the arteries blocks the blood flow.
- Plaque buildup, or hardening of the arteries, is called atherosclerosis.
- It can cause a heart attack, which blocks coronary arteries.
- It can also cause a stroke, in which an artery to the brain is blocked.
- It is the #1 killer in America.
Circulation of Blood
- Heart failure is when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to your body.
- The inability to pump blood causes lungs to become congested and hold to more blood than it should.
- The heart enlarges, the liver is not able to work efficiently, while the legs and abdomen get swollen.
- The left ventricle pumps the oxygenated blood into the aorta where it is taken to a bed of capillaries where oxygen is given to the tissues.
- The used blood is carried in the veins back to the right atrium of the heart.
- It is then pumped into the right ventricle to be pumped to the lungs for oxygen.
The Heart
- It is located in the middle of the chest slightly tilted to the left.
- It weighs 10 to 11 ounces and is about the size of a person's fist.
- It is enclosed in a protective sac called the pericardium.
- The human heart is a muscular organ. It is made out of cardiac muscle.
- It is an involuntary organ, which means it doesn’t require direct signals from the brain to function.
Arteries
- They are thick, muscular, and elastic vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
- They bulge with each heartbeat because of the blood gushing through them.
- They branch out into smaller and smaller arteries called arterioles.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
- It transports oxygen, nutrients, water, hormones to the cells of your body.
- Removes wastes from cells of your body and takes them to disposal sites such as the liver, lungs, and kidneys.
- It also regulates body temperature.
- It consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
Veins
Circulatory System Quiz
- http://www.neok12.com/Circulatory-System.htm
- They return the blood to the heart and carry cell waste to the lungs and kidneys.
- Thinner and less flexible than arteries.
- They have valves to keep the blood from flowing backwards.
- They have no pressure and depend on skeletal muscles to move blood back to the heart.
Valves of the Heart
- Valves are located between the chambers of the heart.
- They keep the blood flowing in the right direction in the heart by opening and closing, creating a one-way passage.
- Tricuspid Valve- Between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
- Pulmonary Valve- Between the right ventricle and the pulmonary arteries.
- Mitral Valve- Between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
- Aortic Valve- Between the left ventricle and the aorta.
The Function of the Heart
- The heart's main function is to pump blood throughout the body.
- The heart contracts and relaxes 70 times a minute and more than a 100,000 times each day.
- During an average lifetime, the heart beats almost 2.5 billion times without stopping.
- The heart pumps blood to all of the body’s 75 trillion cells EXCEPT the corneas.
Chambers of the Heart
- There are four chambers in the heart divided into a left and right side by a muscular wall called the septum.
- The two upper chambers are called atria.
- The two lower chambers are called ventricles.
- The atria receive blood returning from circulation.
- The ventricles receive blood from the atria and pump it out of the heart into the circulation.
Heart Failure Treatments
- Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator- This device monitors the heart rhythm and if the heart stops or goes into a dangerous rhythm, the device will try to pace it back to normal or shock it back into rhythm.
- Pacemaker- This device is implanted under your skin near the heart and sends electrical pulses to the heart to ensure its rhythm is normal and control the heartbeat. It is about the size of a half dollar coin.
By: John Ang and Jacob Morton
Bibliography
- Works Cited
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- "Blood Vessels." About.com Biology. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Oct. 2013.
- "Body Systems." : Circulatory System. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Oct. 2013.
- "Brenda's A & P Eportfolio." : Objective 21: Explain ABO Blood Types and Their Importance in Blood Transfusion. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Oct. 2013.
- "Cardiovascular System." InnerBody. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Oct. 2013.
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- "The Heart and Circulation of Blood." The Heart and Circulation of Blood. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Oct. 2013.
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- "Home: Where The Heart Is." The Human Heart: An Online Exploration from The Franklin Institute, Made Possible by Unisys. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Oct. 2013.
- "Human Anatomy: Blood - Cells, Plasma, Circulation, and More." WebMD. WebMD, n.d. Web. 04 Oct. 2013.
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CAD Prevention and Treatment
- Medications.
- Quit smoking.
- Avoid high cholesterol foods.
- Low fat and salt diet.
- Keep blood sugar in control IF you are diabetic.
- Exercise at least 30 minutes every day.
- Learn relaxation techniques to reduce stress and tension.
Milestones
- 1938 – Robert E. Gross, an American surgeon, performs the first heart surgery.
- 1952 – F. John Lewis, an American surgeon, performs the first successful open heart surgery.
- 1953 – John H. Gibbon, an American surgery, first uses a mechanical heart and blood purifier.
- 1967 – A South African surgeon performs the first successful whole heart transplant.
Blood Pressure
- Blood pressure is the force of the blood exerted on the walls of blood vessels as it passes by.
- Systolic pressure is when the heart contracts.
- Diastolic pressure is when the heart is at rest.
- Blood pressure is read as two numbers, with systolic on top and diastolic on the bottom. Example (Normal Blood Pressure): 120 over 80 mm Hg(mercury).
Blood Vessels
- The biggest artery is the aorta.
- The aorta reaches the abdomen, thighs, and legs.
- The biggest vein is the vena cava.
- In the adult human body there are about 60,000 miles of blood vessels.
Types of Blood Cells
White Blood Cells
- The red blood cells carry oxygen and carbon dioxide around the body.
- The white blood cells fight infections in the bloodstream.
- The platelets help the blood to clot when there is an injury.
- Plasma is the fluid portion of blood, transporting the cells.
- They are actually colorless and irregularly shaped.
- They are larger than RBC's, but are much fewer in number. There is 1 white cell for every 700 RBC's.
- They make up 10% of the total volume of blood.
- They live only for about 2 weeks.
- They can move through tissue into parts of the body to destroy harmful bacteria.
Red Blood Cells
- Shaped like a doughnut without the hole.
- Take up about 44% of blood.
- Equipped with a protein called hemoglobin, which absorbs and distributes oxygen and carbon dioxide.
- Produced in the bone marrow and only stays in the bloodstream for 120 days.
- Old cells are destroyed in the spleen and liver.
Blood Types
Blood
- There are 4 blood types. A, B, AB, and O.
- Antigens are substances that stimulate an immediate response in the human body. The letters A and B stand for the types of antigens on a red blood cell.
- Blood plasma contains antibodies that are shaped to correspond with the different blood antigens.
- Blood is a tissue compound providing the body with nutrition, oxygen, and waste removal.
- It is 3 to 4 times thicker than water.
- Half of its volume is made up of solid particles and cells.
- Our body contains about 5 liters of blood.
Platelets
- They are oval shaped and without a nucleus.
- They are smaller than red and white cells.
- Live for about a week.
- They clump together when there is an injury and release enzymes that make a blood clot.