The Respiratory System
Anatomy
Ventilation
Gas Exchange & Control
Functional Overview
1. External respiration:
medium for gas exchange between environment and circulatory system
2. Vocalization
3. Blood pH regulation
4. Enhancing venous return
5. Olfaction
Histology
Upper Respiratory Tract
Lower Respiratory Tract
Anatomical Overview
Conducting Zone
Upper respiratory tract
Lower respiratory tract
Respiratory Zone
Terminal bronchioles
Alveoli = increase in surface area
Respiratory Mucosa (Conducting Zone)
Pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
Goblet cells
Stratified squamous epithelium
Hyaline cartilage
Respiratory Defense
"Mucus elevator"
Macrophages
Nose and nasal cavity
Nasal Mucosa Functions
1. Warming
2. Humidifying
Pharynx
1. Nasopharynx
2. Oropharynx
3. Largyngopharynx
Larynx
Glottis
Laryngeal sound production
Trachea and Bronchi
Respiratory Zone Histology
Simple cuboidal epithelium (bronchioles)
Simple squamous epithelium (alveoli)
Histological Transitions
Trachea
Tertiary bronchioles
more smooth muscle
less cartilage
Alveoli
Each lung contains ~150 million alveoli
Structure:
Blind sac
Cellular Specialization
Type I cells: simple squamous epitelium
Type II (septal) cells: surfactant production
-reduces surface tension
-prevents alveolar collapse
Alveolar macrophages
Respiratory Membrane
the site of gas exchange
1. alveolar squamous epithelium
2. capillary endothelium
3. fused basal lamina
Question of the Day
These two pictures were taken ten feet apart, 301.4 miles away from 101 Gaines Hall:
1. Where where they taken?
2. Why are they different?
The End!
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Respiratory System
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