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Formed from compactation and cementation
These are the most common types of rocks found on the surface.
There are two types of Sedimentary rocks: clastic and chemical
-Formed from heat and pressure
- Denser
- Foliation - alignment of minerals
- Coarsening of Crystals
-Equigranular crystalline texture
temperature must be 200 degrees C or
higher and the rock needs to have energy
Involved in plate tectonics
Burial
> not changing composition but
minerology changes
formed from crystallization of the silicate minerals
Most common type of rock
examples: basalt and granite
The continental plate is made up of granite and the oceanice plate is made of basalt. Both of these rocks are igneous rocks!
Seafloor Spreading
The rock at a continental - continental convergent boundary is metamorphic because of all the heat and compression
Stress Type: Tension
Fault Type: Normal
Creates ridges in the ocean floor.
There are some volcanoes. The earthquakes generally occur along the boundary and are pretty shallow
The ocean floor is very young due to seafloor spreading
Example: Fault Block
Mountains
Mid Atlantic Floor
Rift Valleys
-Largest of the three
-Slopes are less than 15 degrees
-They have mafic lava flows
- Take over a million years to form
Example:
Mauna Loa
Reverse faults
Stress Type: Compressional
Subduction process
Creates trenches and many composite volcanoes
This type of convergent boundary generally
produces deep earthquakes along the coast.
The ocean floor around these boundaries is moderately young because of divergent plate boundaries nearby
Example: West coast of South America
This theory is the explanation for earthquakes , volcanoes, mountain building and the age of the oceanic floor.
-Smallest of the three types
-slopes are 30 - 40 degrees
-mafic cinders
-mostly formed in a year
-Examples:
Paricutin (1943)
Sunset Crater
Divergent: also known as constructive. These
boundaries are where new oceanic floor is being
created.
Convergent: also known as destructive. These
boundaries are where the old oceanic floor is
being pushed under another plate and melted
back into the lithosphere
Transform: these boundaries neither create or
destroy oceanic or continental crust.
There are three types of
convergent plate boundaries:
1. Continental - Oceanic
2. Oceanic - Oceanic
3. Continental - Continental
Stress type: Compressional
Fault type: Reverse
Subduction process
Creates trenches and many volcanoes in the ocean that may or may not reach or rise above the surface.
This type of convergent boundary generally
produces deep earthquakes along the boundary.
The ocean floor around these boundaries are moderately old.
Example: Marianna trench
Japanese Islands
Alaskan Peninsula
The convection currents in the earth's mantle are the driving mechanism for plate tectonics.
The earth's plates move at the velocity of the speed that your fingernail grows.
Stress type: Compressional
Fault type: Reverse
Builds very large mountains
Earthquakes: a few, most at shallower depths and a few at deeper depths
Example: Himalayas
-Most dangerous of the three.
- Intermediate in size
-Slopes are between 15 and 30 degrees
-They have alternating layers of pyroclastics and felsic lava flows
-Lahars
-Pyroclastic Flows
-Ash Falls
-Carbon Dioxide
Stress type: Sheer stress
Fault type: Strike - slip
There is only ONE fault line!
They are generally along divergent plate
boundaries.
Example: San Andreas Fault
West coast of North America (excluding the
Juan de Fuca Plate)
Composite volcanoes are formed along this type of convergent plate boundary.