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Sedimentary Rocks

Formed from compactation and cementation

These are the most common types of rocks found on the surface.

There are two types of Sedimentary rocks: clastic and chemical

Rock Types

Metamorphic Rocks

Characteristics:

Igneous Rocks

-Formed from heat and pressure

- Denser

- Foliation - alignment of minerals

- Coarsening of Crystals

-Equigranular crystalline texture

Igneous Rocks

temperature must be 200 degrees C or

higher and the rock needs to have energy

Sedimentary Rocks

Involved in plate tectonics

Burial

> not changing composition but

minerology changes

formed from crystallization of the silicate minerals

Most common type of rock

examples: basalt and granite

Metamorphic Rocks

How are these connected?

The continental plate is made up of granite and the oceanice plate is made of basalt. Both of these rocks are igneous rocks!

Divergent Boundaries

Seafloor Spreading

How are these connected?

The rock at a continental - continental convergent boundary is metamorphic because of all the heat and compression

Stress Type: Tension

Fault Type: Normal

Creates ridges in the ocean floor.

There are some volcanoes. The earthquakes generally occur along the boundary and are pretty shallow

The ocean floor is very young due to seafloor spreading

Example: Fault Block

Mountains

Mid Atlantic Floor

Shield Volcano

Type 1

Rift Valleys

-Largest of the three

-Slopes are less than 15 degrees

-They have mafic lava flows

- Take over a million years to form

Example:

Mauna Loa

Continental - Oceanic

Reverse faults

Stress Type: Compressional

Subduction process

Creates trenches and many composite volcanoes

This type of convergent boundary generally

produces deep earthquakes along the coast.

The ocean floor around these boundaries is moderately young because of divergent plate boundaries nearby

Example: West coast of South America

Plate Tectonics

Plate Boundary Types

Volcano Types

Plate Tectonic Theory

Cinder Cone Volcano

Type 2

Cinder Cone Volcano

This theory is the explanation for earthquakes , volcanoes, mountain building and the age of the oceanic floor.

Convergent Boundaries

-Smallest of the three types

-slopes are 30 - 40 degrees

-mafic cinders

-mostly formed in a year

-Examples:

Paricutin (1943)

Sunset Crater

Oceanic - Oceanic

Shield Volcano

Divergent: also known as constructive. These

boundaries are where new oceanic floor is being

created.

Convergent: also known as destructive. These

boundaries are where the old oceanic floor is

being pushed under another plate and melted

back into the lithosphere

Transform: these boundaries neither create or

destroy oceanic or continental crust.

There are three types of

convergent plate boundaries:

1. Continental - Oceanic

2. Oceanic - Oceanic

3. Continental - Continental

Stress type: Compressional

Fault type: Reverse

Subduction process

Creates trenches and many volcanoes in the ocean that may or may not reach or rise above the surface.

This type of convergent boundary generally

produces deep earthquakes along the boundary.

The ocean floor around these boundaries are moderately old.

Example: Marianna trench

Japanese Islands

Alaskan Peninsula

Composite Volcano

The convection currents in the earth's mantle are the driving mechanism for plate tectonics.

The earth's plates move at the velocity of the speed that your fingernail grows.

Continental - Continental

Composite Volcano

Type 3

Stress type: Compressional

Fault type: Reverse

Builds very large mountains

Earthquakes: a few, most at shallower depths and a few at deeper depths

Example: Himalayas

-Most dangerous of the three.

- Intermediate in size

-Slopes are between 15 and 30 degrees

-They have alternating layers of pyroclastics and felsic lava flows

Hazards:

-Lahars

-Pyroclastic Flows

-Ash Falls

-Carbon Dioxide

Transform Boundaries

Stress type: Sheer stress

Fault type: Strike - slip

There is only ONE fault line!

They are generally along divergent plate

boundaries.

Example: San Andreas Fault

West coast of North America (excluding the

Juan de Fuca Plate)

Plate Tectonic Concept Map

How are these connected?

Abby Hart

Geology 115

Composite volcanoes are formed along this type of convergent plate boundary.

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