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“Memory forms the fabric of human life, affecting everything from the ability to perform simple, everyday tasks to the recognition of the self. Memory establishes life’s continuity; it gives meaning to the present, as each moment is constituted by the past. As the means by which we remember who we are, memory provides the very core of identity”
- Marita Sturken, Tangled Memories, p.1.
Memory "both renders possible and requires dialogue"
- Astrid Erll, Memory in Culture, p.2
"Individuals always use social frameworks when they remember"
- Maurice Halbwachs, On Collective Memory, p.40
- "Social frameworks are ... first of all simply the people around us"
- "more fundamentally ... it is
through interaction and communication with our fellow humans that we acquire knowledge about dates and
facts, collective concepts of time
and space, and ways of thinking and
experiencing"
- Astrid Erll, p.15
is "where the past is recalled primarily through texts and other forms of representation"
- Ann Rigney, 'Portable Monuments', p.367
"I use the term cultural memory in preference to its close relative collective memory because it avoids the suggestion that there is some unified collective entity or superindividual which does the remembering"
- Ann Rigney, 'Portable Monuments', p.365
What is Culture?
“Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs and other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society” - E.B.Taylor
“I use the term ‘cultural memory’ to define memory that is shared outside the avenues of formal historical discourse yet is entangled with cultural products and imbued with cultural meaning”
- Marita Sturken, Tangled Memories, p.3
“Individual and collective memories are never a mirror image of the past, but rather an expressive indication of the needs and interests of the person or group doing the remembering in the present”
- Astrid Erll, p.8
“Culture is the learned behaviour of a society or subgroup” - Margaret Mead
“foregrounds the means of [memory’s] transmission”
- Rick Crownshaw, The Afterlife of Holocaust Memory, p.3
- Historical transformations
- Changes in media technology
- Developments in academia
Möbius strip
history-and-memory
“Culture is simply the ensemble of stories we tell ourselves about ourselves” - Clifford Geertz
"There are lieux de memoire, sites of memory, because there are no longer real milieux de memoire, environments of memory"
- Nora, 'Between Memory and History', p.7
“exteriorised, objectified, and stored away in symbolic forms”
- Jan Assmann, 'Communicative and Cultural Memory', p.110
“Memory has often been seen as standing in opposition to history … I would posit cultural memory as entangled rather than oppositional. Indeed, there is so much traffic across the borders of cultural memory and history that in many cases it may be futile to maintain a distinction between them”
- Marita Sturken, p.6
Arlington Cemetery