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Middle East Security: Conflict and Securitization of Identities

Introduction

United States Intervention

The Republics

  • In 1991 Saddam Hussein regime invaded Kuwait in hopes to unite with the Iraq nation. The U.S. served the interests of other Arab states by using military intervention. This led to the retreat of Saddam Hussein's regime.
  • In 2003 after the attacks of 9/11 U.S. military was able to expand its political and military presence by invading Iraq and to topel Saddam Hussein.
  • Generated pressure on regimes to create a unified Arab nation.
  • Gamal Adbel Nasser was the strongest Arab leaer who was seen as a direct threat to other Arab nations. (1960)
  • Because of the instability of Iraq and Kuwait it is hard for the Republic to follow the ideology umma 'arabiyya.

Patterns that define Middle East conflict.

Monarchs vs. Republics

Monarchies and Republic Uprising

  • The chapter focuses on the ways state and non-state players manipulate the balance of power in the Middle East including the 2011 uprisings.
  • It divulges insight on the 'securitization of identities' and how through security discussions rival regimes intentionally prompt conflicts to direct military confrontation.

1.) Rivarly between monarchs and republics

2.) Sunni-Shia confrontation

3.) Antagonism against Muslim Brotherhood

  • The failure of Arab nationalism and Pan-Arabism brought down the threat that would've posed to the desert monarchs.
  • The 2011 uprisings targeted both monarchs and republics alike.
  • But only causing change with republics.
  • The GCC armed a coalition, the Peninsula Shield Force, then intervening in Bahrain in March of 2011 by repressing the protests that occurred in Manama.
  • Also, the GCC invited Jordan and Morocco to join the GCC as a part of the military alliance.

Proponents and Opponents of the Muslim Brotherhood

2003 to the Aftermath of 2011 Uprising (cont.)

  • Turkey and Qatar tried to strengthen their influence through sponsorships of the Muslim Brothers.
  • The Muslim Brothers would try to seize power in Arab countries like Egypt and Tunisia.
  • Saudi Arabia would try to subvert this idea by de-legitimizing the Muslim Brothers.
  • The Muslim Brotherhood represents a shift of power for Qatar.
  • Interests and alignments, power competition, material power resources are drivers for the swift change for Qatar and Turkey for them to be regional players.
  • In Syria, it reached its civil war when the Free Syrian Army declared its opposition to Assad.
  • Turkey declared its opposition to Assad by creating the Syrian National Council to give them legitimate power.
  • Regional re-alignments from Syria gradually supported the fight against Assad.
  • Initially, IS would be a proxy for the Sunni military bloc but then they would evolve into a violent extremist group; acting on their own accord.

2003 to the Aftermath of 2011 Uprisings

  • After the invasion in Iraq in 2003, Iraq would fall in into a civil war between Sunni and Shia groups.
  • Members from the Gulf elites would unofficially support Sunni jihadi groups known as Al-Qaeda.
  • Shia groups such as the Jaish al-Mahdi would be support by Iran respectively.
  • From 2006-2007 Iraq would break out in a civil war with Sunni and Shia groups.
  • By 2011 a new jihadi group known as ISIS would emerge to fight against Bashar al-Asad.

'Shia Crescent'

  • The Iraqi alliance with Iran, Syria, Hezbollah, and political actors from Iraq created the 'Shia Crescent'.
  • The 'Shia Crescent' focused on the Iranian expansion from Lebanon to Saudi Arabia on the basis of religious identities.

Sunni-Shia Rift

Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)

  • Saudi Arabia vs. Egypt (1958-1970)
  • There is the 'desert kingdom' Saudi Arabia and The Republic of Egypt. Two different ideologies that resulted in an 'Arab Cold War'.
  • No actual conflict took place but they engaged in proxies such as sponsorships of state actors.
  • The Iranian Revolution of 1979 left a legacy which would have destabilizing effects within the Middle East.
  • The formation of a Shia-Islamic Republic of Iran resulted a new theocratic model to compete with the Sunni Authority.
  • Iran would create ties with Shia groups such Syria aligning themselves with Iran during the Iran-Iraq war (1980-1988).
  • Further, the creation of Hezbollah in Lebanon.
  • Initially formed in 1981 with states: Oman, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait.
  • An alliance between the Gulf states to maximize power in terms of economic and political power.

by: Aishah Coley and Isaiah Vannier

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