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Skeletal System - GCSE

Sarah Entwisle

Updated June 19, 2017

Transcript

Do you understand the structure and function of the skeleton??

Using the following link: www.Kahoot.it

Log onto the game and label the skeleton

and identify the correct functions of the skeleton

Lesson Objectives

Understand the structure and functions of the skeleton
Understand the structure and functions of Synovial joints.
Understand the movements involved at different joints

STARTER

List as many bones as you can that are found in the human body…

SKELETON FACTS

How many bones does the human body contain?

206

350 What is the LONGEST bone in the body?

Femur

What and where is the SMALLEST bone in the body?

Stirrup - in the ear

How many bones are there in each hand?

26 Has 6 MAIN FUNCTIONS

the skeleton gives us our

general shape such as height and build. Tall people have long leg bones

and larger vertebrae. People with a heavy build have larger clavicles and

scapula as well as bigger pelvises. The skeleton also provides anchorage

points for the muscles to attach, so when they contract we move.

Protection

Important internal organs are protected by the skeleton

Ribs & Sternum = Heart

Cranium = Brain

Vertebrae = Spinal Chord

Female Pelvis = Womb

This function is especially

important in activities that involve contact, such as rugby or boxing.

Movement

Support

Blood Cell Production

Mineral Storage

Bone stores several minerals, including calcium

and phosphorus, which can be released into the blood when needed.

Cranium

Clavicle

Sternum

Ribs

Humerus

Vertebrae

Ulna

Radius

Pelvis

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Fibula

TASK

Cut out and label the Skeleton.

TYPES OF BONES & JOINTS

Can you transfer the description of the different types of bone and illustrate which bones are long,short,flat and irregular on 'the boney man' using different colours?

JOINTS

The location where two or more bones meet, that often enables movement between those bones”

“Joints allow the body to move and there are 3 main types of joint within the body”

SYNOVIAL JOINTS

Synovial Joints are characterised by having a fluid-filled space between smooth cartilage pads at the end of the bones that form the joint. Surrounding the joint is a tough joint capsule that is lined with a synovial membrane. Synovial fluid is produced by the synovial membrane which lubricates the joint.

Synovial Membrane: Secretes Synovial fluid into the joint cavity

Cartilage: Tissue which covers the ends of the bones, providing a smooth, friction free surface which protects the bones.

Synovial Fluid: Liquid secreted from the Synovial membrane into the joint cavity to lubricate the joint and reduce friction.

Capsule: Tough fibrous tissue which surrounds the synovial joint; usually supported by ligaments and helps to stabilise and maintain the joint cavity.

Ligaments: Tough fibrous tissue which connects bone to bone and helps to stabilise the joint.

Bursae: Small bag of synovial fluid which surrounds the joint to reduce friction from movement of tendons across the surface of the joint.

Tendons: Tough fibrous tissue which attaches muscle to bone.

There are 6 SYNOVIAL JOINTS

Hinge
Ball & Socket
Pivot
Condyloid
Gliding
Saddle

Movement Analysis

FLEXION

Movement where angle between the bones reduces

EXTENSION

Movement where angle between bones increases

ABDUCTION

Movement where limbs are moved away from the body

ADDUCTION

Movement where limbs are moved back towards the body

CIRCUMDUCTION

ROTATION

Turning a limb along its long axis

THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

The cardiovascular system is made up of three elements:

THE FUNCTION OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Transport Oxygen and Nutrients to the cells.

Remove Carbon Dioxide and other waste

Maintain temperature and fluid levels

THERMOREGULATION

CONTROLLING BODY TEMPERATURE

Human enzymes usually work best at 37ºC, which is human body temperature. So the body has to keep itself at this temperature.

THE STRUCTURE OF THE HEART

Last Man Standing

Heart BINGO

Learning Objectives

Recap the structure of the heart
To be able to explain the Cardiac Cycle using specific terminology
To understand pulmonary and systemic circulation
To be able to explain how vasodilation and vasoconstriction enable effective blood circulation
To understand the relationship between Q,SV & HR

VENA CAVA

AORTA

PULMONARY VEIN

PULMONARY ARTERY

ATRIUM

VENTRICLE

SEMI LUNA VALVE

SEPTUM

BICUSPID VALVE

TRICUSPID VALVE

What happens to our CARDIO-RESPIRATORY SYSTEM when we exercise???

THE IMMEDIATE EFFECTS

LONG TERM EFFECTS

Evaluate and explain how these terms are effected during exercise!

Heart Rate

Breathing Rate

Stroke Volume

Cardiac Output

Tidal Volume

Vital Capacity

STARTER

What TYPE of bone am I???

Whats my purpose??

Can you provide an example??

EXAM QUESTIONS

SO WHAT INFORMATION HAVE YOU RETAINED SO FAR.......

WHAT TYPE OF JOINT AM I??

Using the post it notes - Identify all the different types of joint on your partner.

Demonstrate...............

Flexion of the elbow

Rotation of the shoulder

Extension of the knee

Flexion of the hip

Dorsiflexion

Plantarflexion

Rotation of the Neck

The Muscular System

Learning Objectives:

Describe the different types of muscle
Identify the major skeletal muscles of the body.

There are 3 different types of muscle

You need to learn the follow 13 muscles on the body.

Bicep

Pectoral

Abdominal

Quadriceps

Tibialis Anterior

Deltoid

Hip Flexors

Latissimus Dorsi

Rotator Cuff

Gluteals

Hamstrings

Gastrocnemius

Triceps

Learning Objectives

Bronze: Be able to recall the 13 key muscles in the muscular system. Define the terms Agonist, Antagonist and Antagonistic pairs
Silver: Explain and understand how muscles create movement at a joint.
Gold: Be able to identify the different contractions occurring during movement in sporting actions

Can you apply your knowledge of the Skeletal and Muscular system to analyse sporting movements??

Revision of MUSCLES, MOVEMENT & BONES

Self Starter

Learning Outcomes

Bronze: Be able to recall & locate major bones and muscles within the body.

Silver: Be able to apply understanding of bones and muscles to describe movement within the body.

Gold: Be able Be able to create a poster which analyses sporting movement at multiple joints.

As a group of 3 collaborate together to complete your movement analysis sheets.

1 person should be responsible for identifying the bone and muscle

1 person should be responsible for identifying the action

1 person should be responsible for identifying the muscle contraction

In your 3's using the IPAD's..........

Create a brief film - Movement Analysis for Dummies.

Success Criteria....

For the ANKLE, ELBOW, HIP, KNEE & SHOULDER

You must....

Name the TYPE of joint

Using the following actions analyse the joint movement.

- ANKLE - Dorsiflexion

- ELBOW - Extension

-HIP - Flexion

-Knee -Flexion

-Shoulder-Adduction

Name the BONES

Name the AGONIST & ANTAGONIST

Name the MUSCLE CONTRACTION occurring

Today, we are going to make class flash cards.

You will be working with a partner or independently

You will have to create a Revision Flash Card

You will be given a joint and movement to focus on.

Using the template provided you will have to identify...............

- The type of joint

-Picture of the joint

-Bones articulating at the joint

-Movement being described

- Picture of specific movement at the joint

- Muscles involved in the movement

-Agonist and Antagonist.

You must complete the task by the end of the lesson.

You must email me the flash card on the template provided

There are 4 images of Sporting Actions on your desk.

Choose one.

Analyse the movement occurring at the joints.

You must....

Name the articulating bones at the joint

Name the type of movement

Name the antagonistic muscles

Name the type of muscle contraction.

The Skeletal System

Structural Shape and Attachment

Skeleton is made up of bones

Bones connect together to form joints

Joints allow movement

Muscles pull the bones to produce movement

the skeleton helps the body move by providing anchor

points for the muscles to pull against. The long bones in the arms and

legs work as levers to allow certain movements.

The inner marrow of the long bones and

ribs produces red and white blood cells. Red blood cells are important

in activities because they carry oxygen to the working muscles. White

blood cells are important to fight off infections in order to keep healthy.

The bones are solid and rigid. They keep us upright and

hold the rest of the body – the muscles and organs – in place.

The upper body is supported by the vertebrae

The skeleton allows us to maintain posture

TYPES OF BONE

Long Bones – These are greater in length and help to generate power through providing good levers. These are strong yet light.

AXIAL & APPENDICULAR SKELETON

Axial – Main role is the protection of vital organs.

Bones include: skull, mandible, rib cage, sternum, vertebrae, sacrum

Appendicular – This allows our body to move and is responsible for locomotion

Bones include: those found in the arms and legs as well as the shoulder and pelvis

Short Bones – These are smaller and are often found with many others that specialise in fine movements. These have a spongy centre surrounded by hard bone to make them strong but light also.

Flat Bones – These are tougher and can withstand hard impacts and are often found forming a protective surface

Irregular Bones – These are irregular in shape and have a specific function

Sesamoid Bones -These are usually short or irregular bones, embedded in a tendon. The most obvious example of this is the Patella (knee cap) which sits within the Patella or Quadriceps tendon

How did you do??

INCREASE IN RANGE

OF MOVEMENT

3 MAIN TYPES OF JOINTS

IMMOVABLE

SLIGHTLY MOVABLE

FREELY MOVABLE (SYNOVIAL)

IMMOVABLE - FIBROUS

Fixed joints where the bones are fused together – there is no movement within these joints.

They protect our organs.

Examples include:

- Cranium

SLIGHTLY MOVEABLE (CARTILAGINOUS)

Between bones there are gaps filled with cartilage – this allows a small amount of movement.

Examples include:

- Vertebral column (cartilage discs)

- Ribs

- Sternum

FREELY MOVABLE (SYNOVIAL)

Complex
Designed for movement
Absorb shock/reduce friction
Most relevant to physical activity

TASK

Create a poster which describes.....

The 4 different types of bones & the 3 types of joints.
Provide pictures to accompany your descriptions of each of the 4 types of bones.
Can you identify ALL the joint categories in the body? Provide examples of them on your poster.

BONE BINGO!!!!!

Skeletal Muscle

SMOOTH MUSCLE

Write done 6 bones in the grid provided.
I will point to bones on Boney Tony.
Cross off the bones on your grid if they match.
There will be a prize for the first person to match all 6 bones.

SADDLE

HINGE JOINT

BONE BINGO!!

In each column list .......

3 Anatomical Bones

3 Types of Bone

3 Structures of a Synovial Joint

The joint looks like a the saddle on a horse.
Movement occurs back /forward and side to side
But movement is relatively small

Joint open & closes
Movement is restricted by ligaments

BALL & SOCKET

CONDYLOID

Large Range of movement
Joint is supported by ligaments
Rounded head of bone fits into a cup shaped cavity

The rounded bone of one bones fits into the hollow of another.
Movement is back/forward and side to side.
Ligaments prevent rotation.

GLIDING

PIVOT

Flat bones slide on top of the other
Movement occurs in all directions
Movement is limited by ligaments

Ring on a peg
Rotation is the only movement possible

Circle the different synovial joints of the skeleton

Cardiac Muscle

STARTER

BLOOD VESSELS

HEART

LUNGS

TASK: Can you apply your understanding of blood pressure to explain why a build up of cholesterol may affect your health?

Body Temperature is controlled by

VASODILATION & VASOCONSTRICTION

of the BLOOD VESSELS

Task:

Can you apply your understanding of Vasodilation and Vasoconstriction to explain why a swimmer should not enter the pool immediately after eating?

D E F G H I J K L

Board Slam- Movement

You have been divided into 2 teams. On the board are pictures of different types of movement. The first team to identify the correct movement being called and cover the picture with their hand, win a point for their team.

Can you look at the picture and recall information from the musculo-skeletal system for each letter????

The Weakest Link - STARTER -How much do you know!!!