History of Biology-timeline
Questions:
1.)
I think the next big biological discovery will come from stem cell research and that human will so be able to grow organs and appendages, which will be transplanted without the possibility of rejection. This discovery will greatly improve the lives of those with disabilities or those who suffer from chronic disease. Directly it will affect me because a family member of mine has a few health problems that this could very easily solve.
2.)
Events that are connected are:
-1590 microscopy
-1674 microscopy
-1839 cellular biology
If Janssen did not invent the microscope in 1590 then who knows how long it would take for the invention to be made. This would affect Leeuwenhoek who wouldnt be able to improve the microscope in the ways he did without thw groundwork laid by Janssen. Finally Theodor Schwann's discovery that animals were made from cells just like plants was made with a microscope! The first two scientists made crucial inventions and improvement which allowed for Schwann as well as others to contribute to biology in the ways they have
3.)
Aristotle:
Greek philosopher Aristotle made revolutionary contributions to biology, particularly his work on the classification of living things , later dubbed the "ladder of life". Aristotle's model of the classification of living things was used well into the 19th century and is still looked at to this day. Aristotle was the first to recognize this connection between species.
Antoine van Leeuwenhoek
Leeuwenhoek contribution to microscopy is well noted in the biology community. His advancements in lenses and techniques changed how scientists were able to look at cells and living things.
Robert Hooke
Hooke is accredited for the discovery of the cell itself, without this contribution to biology, the field would not be where it is today. His discovery started a landslide of advancements which pushed the scientific world to even more discoveries
69. 1981 Reproduction (Stem Cells)
Martin Evans and Matthew Kaufman derived the first embryonic stem cells independently from mouse embryos by two groups. They revealed a new technique for culturing the mouse embryos in the uterus to allow for an increase in cell number. Their work pioneered the way for future stem cell research.
27.) 1859 Evolution
Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species, a work scientific literature which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection.
31.) 1866 Genetics
24.) 1839 Cellular Biology
26.)1858 Cellular Biology
68. 1980 Hox Genes
Gregor Mendel published experiments in plant Hybridisation which established basic laws of inheritance. His work was forgotten for many until being rediscovered in the 1900s. He is considered the father of the science of genetics.
Researchers discovered a series of genes called Hox genes. Hox genes control how insects develop. Mutation to Hox genes can cause for example a leg to grow in place of an antenna in insects. It was later discovered that all living life forms have this gene. This discovery furthered understanding of how evolution occurs.
Theodor Schwann states that along with plants, animals are composed of cells or the products of cells in their structures. This was a major advancement the field of biology since little was known about animal structure up to this point; in comparison to plants. From these conclusions about plants and animals, two of the three parts of cell theory were made.
Roudolf Virchow published Cellular Pathology which laid down the foundations of modern pathology and modern medical theory. In his book he started that all disease can be traced to cells
29.) 1861 Bacteriology
14.) 1735 Classification
Louis Pasteur published his germ theory, showing that there were microbes in the air and they caused decay. His work disproved the idea of spontaneous generation because no decay had happened if matter was placed in a sealed container. This showed that microbes causing decay were not produced from matter itself but in the air around it.
37.) 1885 Cellular Biology
Carl von Linne began work on system that would organize descriptive classification from the smallest related groups and ontp teh very largest. The system he developed, with revision, is he basic system still used today to systematically organize types of living things with their relatives.
Wilhelm Roux established the groundwork for modern tissue culture. Roux isolated the medullary plate of a chicken embryo and sustained the cells viability for a period of days in a saline solution. This laid the foundations for the principles of in vitro research
67. 1980 Extinction
33.) 1875 & 1882 Cellular Biology
11.) 1676 Plant Proceses
The Alvarez hypothesis was suggested by father-and-son team of scientist Luis and Walter Alvarez. It states that the mass extinction of dinosaurs and many other living things 65 million years ago was caused by the impact of a large asteroid on earth that fell in the Yucatan Peninsula, at Chicxulub, Mexico. This theory is the most widely accepted reason for the extinction that took place at the time.
Walther Flemming was the first to observe describe systematically the behavior of chromosomes in the cell nucleus during normal call division (mitosis). He founded the study of cytogenetics.
Edme Mariotte proposes that plants obtain part of their nourishment from the atmosphere. This process varied from plant to plant. This theory was verified ling after his passing.
10.) 1674 Microscopy
66.) 1979 Gaia hopothesis
42.) 1902 Genetics
44.) 1902 Genetics
James Lovelock proposed the Gaia hypothesis. It states that organisms interact with their inorganic surroundings on earth to form a synergistic self regulating, complex system that helps to maintain and perpetuate the conditions for life on the planet. The evidence for this hypothesis is not complete but the main idea is an inspiring one.
The Boveri-Sutton Chromosome theory was proposed by Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri. It is the fundamental unifying theory of genetics which identifies chromosomes as the carriers of genetic material.
Archibald Garrod observes that the disease Alkaptonuria is inherited genetically. It was among the first conditions ascribed to a genetic cause.
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek built a simple microscope with only one lense to examine blood yeast, insects, and many other tiny objects. Leeuwenhoek was the first person to describe bacteria, and he invented new methods for grinding and polishing microscope lenses that allwed for greater magnifications. He is dubbed the "Father of Microscopy" for advancing it further than anyone else and being able to see more living things.
9.) 1668 Meat in a Jar
65.) 1977 Chemoautotrophs
in 1668, Francesco Redi conducted an experiment with jars of meat. In his experiment he noted that the meat in a sealed container did not get maggots and the unsealed ones did. This experiment was noteworthy because it disproved that life can generate from nothing .
45.) 1905 Energy in Plants
The first chemoautotrophs were discovered by hydrothermal ocean vents at the galapagos rift. Chemoautotrophs are organisms which get their energy from chemosynthesis which use methane or other carbon containing molecules as opposed to sunlight. This discovery proved that life can exist in even the most extreme conditions
Frederick Blackman develops the concept of limiting factors, showing that photosynthesis consists of two types of reactions: a rapid light-dependent photochemical process and a slower temperature-dependent biochemical process. These are later termed "light reactions" and "dark reactions". They are the foundations for future research into photosynthesis and plant processes.
52.) 1932 Microscopy
58.) 1961 Genetics
Frits Zernike invents the phase contrast microscope that allows the study of colourless and transparent biological materials. This discovery advanced microscope development and allowed more microscopical discoveries
Marshall Nirenberg cracks the genetic code which is the little language encrypted in molecules of DNA. That information codes the information for the 21 amino acids that serve as the building blocks of protein, essential to human life
7.) 1665 Cells
The cell was first discovered and named by Robert Hooke in 1665. He saw dead cell walls of plant cells . He ignighted the spark of cell theory and set a trend for other scientists to make discoveries by looking through a microscope
53.) Cellular processes
Hans Krebs discovers the Krebs cycle ( citric acid cycle) which is a part of cellular respiration. Named after himself, it is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy. It's important to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest parts of cellular metabolism to evolve
54.) 1944 Genetics
Oswald T. Avery, Maclyn McCarthy, and Collin MacLeod identify deoxyibonucleic acid as the "transforming principle" responsible for specific characteristics in bacteria . It showed that genes were made of DNA and not proteins as previously thought.
38.) 1888 Genetics
Theodor Boveri established the individuality and continuity of chromosomes. He stated that chromosomes remain organized and individual structures through the process of cell division. He also found out that sperm and egg contribute the same number of chromosomes. His contribution helped further genetics research
36.) 1884 Bacteriology
Gram staining was invented by Hans Christian Grams. It is a method of staining used to distinguish between different bacteria. His invention helped facilitate bacteria research under a microscope.
57.) 1953 Genetics
62) 1969 Classification
R.H. Whittaker classified all organisms into five kingdoms: Monera, Potista, Fungi, Plantae, and animal. It is the most common system of classification in use today .
Francis H.C. Crick James D. Watson discover that the chemical structure of deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) meets the unique requirements for a substance that encodes genetic information. They also discovered the double helix structure of DNA. Their discovery gave rise to modern molecular biology
This is a timeline to highlight some of the major events and discoveries related to the study of biology:
30.) 1862 Energy in Plants
73.) 1990 Genetics
15.) 1772 Priestley
Julius von Sachs proved that the starch present in chloroplasts result from the absorption of carbon dioxide , and he established that starch is the first visible product of photosynthesis. This was a major discovery in the photosynthesis process.
Joesph Priestley discovered oxygen. He isolated it in its gaseous state. All living things require oxygen. His discovery helped in the research of plant functions.
Drs. Anderson, Blaese, and Kenneth Culver used a virus to deliver the correct ADV gene to a four-year old girl and nine-year old with ADA deficiency. They were the first patients to receive this landmark clinical treatment.
Points of my Choice :
64.) 1974 Anthropology/evolution of Humans
5.) 1590 Microscopy
2.) 335 BC
76.) 2001 Genetics
Zacharias Janssen invented the microscope. It allowed people to see small things never before observable by science. It was one of the most important inventions in history.
Aristotle proposes that plants, like animals, require food. Anticipates Priestley's work 2000 years later by asserting that plants do not require animals but animals require plants. His contributions were some of the earliest and before his time in biology
The publicly funded Human Genome project was published. It found that humans have approximately 30 000 genes that carry instructions for making the body's diverse collection of proteins. It also reported that the DNA of humans is 99.9% alike. It was the first time the human genome was completely sequenced.
Donald Johanson and Ton Gray stumbled upon the partial remains of a 3.2 million year old hominid Australopithecus afarensis. They named "Lucy" after the Beatles song "Lucy in the sky of Diamonds" which was playing on their radio at their camp. It was the most ancient human ever found and it provided key evidence in the study of human evolution.
16.) 1779 Ingenhousz
Jan Ingenhousz discovered the process of photosynthesis, where green plants in sunlight can absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen. Photosynthesis is one of the main plant processes which scientists today have researched in depth
75.) 1996 Genetics
8.) 1667 Blood
A research expedition off the coast of Mexico in 1982 discovered a microbe living near hydrothermal vents deep in the sea, where temperature approach the boiling point of water and the pressure can crush an ordinary submarine. It's genome was sequenced in 1996 and many new never before seen genes were discovered. It was the first "extremophile" ever sequenced.
4.) 1546 Diseases
Jean-Baptiste Denys performed the first human blood transfusion. He performed it on a 15 year old boy who had bled so much that he needed a transfusion. His procedures and techniques have saved millions of lives and encouraged further research in emergency medical techniques.
80.) 2009 Stem Cells
The Germ Theory was proposed by Girolamo Fracastoro. It stated that some diseases are caused by microorganisms. Scientific evidence confirming his statements would come after he has passed away, though he has set the trend.
Former US president Barack Obama lifted strict limits on human embryonic stem cell research imposed by the Bush administration. Embryonic cells are capable of developing into any type of tissue or cell in the body, many scientists believe they hold the possibility for cures or treatments to ailments such as diabetes. This opened the door for american scientists to continue their research without restriction.
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