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INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES and INTELLIGENCE
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THEORIES of INTELLIGENCE
Spearman's two- factor
Thurstone's multifactor theory
G factor
- refers to the existence of a general intelligence that influences performance on mental ability measures.
- responsible for overall performance on mental ability tests.
S factor
- specific intelligence factor; specific to a single activity.
intelligence is not primarily by a simple general factor but by variable number of similarly broad factors.
Intelligence
Seven primary mental abilities:
- Verbal ability (V)
- Number (N)
- Spatial (S)
- Perceptual (P)
- Memory (M)
- Reasoning (R)
- Word fluency (WF)
Intelligence is very difficult to define.
what is intelligence?
I.Q
Intelligence Quotient = Mental Age/Chronological Age x 100
Lewis Terman
the ability to learn in abstract ideas
Howard Gardner
- Multiple intelligence
- Visual-Spatial
- Bodily-Kinesthetic
- Musical
- Intrapersonal
- Interpersonal
- Linguistic
- Logical-Mathematical
people DIFFER...
Factors Affecting Intellectual Development
Heredity
Transmitted genes
Sex
Environment
Hormones
Stimuli present
Culture
sex roles and historical periods
Race and Geographical Location
Factors affecting individual differences
special cases
- Physiological factors
- Cultural influences
- Interaction between biological and social factors
BELOW AVERAGE
Above Average
Moron (Educable)
IQ 50 -70
Imbecile (Trainable)
IQ 25-50
Idiots (Custodial)
IQ below 25 or 30
- "Gifted"
- IQ 130 and above
- usually talented or creative
- Academically superior
- Scores high in IQ tests
- Restless, inattentive, disturbing
-Outspokenly critical of themselves and others.
Measures of Individual Differences
attributes
DIFFERENTIAL RATES OF GROWTH AND LEARNING
Achievement tests
Schedules of development vary for all individuals.
VARIABILITY AND NORMALITY
Virtually all measures of individuals manifest characteristics that can be distributed in the form of a normal probability curve.
testing one's accomplished skills.
Intelligence test
INTERRELATION OF TRAITS
the growth of personality for instance, is the result of the continuing interaction of many factors.
HEREDITARY AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
any of a number of tests designed to measure a person's mental skills
The Hereditary and environmental contributions can never be completely separated because they are in continuous interplay in the production of every physical and psychological trait.
Can be divided into:
- Individual tests and group tests
- Verbal tests and Performance tests