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The Effects of Birth Order on Child Development

Early Childhood

  • During the early childhood years children are in the stage of language development and meeting milestones of the four components of language: semantics, pragmatics, phonology and grammar.
  • Through a study focused on the impact of overhead talk it was found that second-borns had more opportunity to overhear language and learn from it than first-born children (Yuriko, 1996).
  • Second-borns were typically had more advanced personal pronoun pronunciation that firstborns.
  • Younger siblings have an increased opportunity for hearing different types of language.
  • Second-born children have less conversation directed at them and larger amount of time to observe language use.
  • Interactions with siblings and adults enhance pragmatic development.
  • It is vital to provide children with lots of opportunities to develop their language and practice speaking so that later their writing and reading develops normally.

Birth Order

Middle Childhood

  • A child's birth order in their family has the ability to influence their cognitive, physical and psychosocial development.
  • Children's personality traits can also be affected by their birth order.
  • Under Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory, younger siblings learn and develop skills by watching their older siblings.
  • Language development can be strengthened when they overhear language being used.
  • Children look to older siblings to teach them skills and make fewer mistakes when trying new things (Alexander et al, 2009).
  • Sibling relationships are complex and behavior outcomes are not reliant on single factors such as sex or intimacy levels of sibling dyads (Solmeyer et al, 2014).
  • Children during this stage are in Erikson’s industry verse inferiority stage.
  • Children are developing in ways to seek acceptance from peers and family members. Family relationships become more intimate as children grow into their self-identity and change to fit in and please their family members.
  • Children in the middle childhood seek harmony and stability in relationships with their siblings.
  • Children are developing their gender identity that is influenced by gender norms and attitudes set in place by their siblings and peers; the more flexible the gender attitudes of the environment the more flexible attitudes children develop (Crouter et al, 2007).
  • Gender specific personality traits develop as siblings play with each other and interact, playing with gender specific toys; if children play with ‘gendered toys’ with siblings that do not match their gender they will develop a more fluid gender identity.
  • Sisters tend to display more affection towards siblings due to gender norms influence their attitudes.
  • Sibling rivalry increases during middle childhood as they develop their own identity, which can lead to sibling conflict when ideals conflict (Kim et al, 2006).

Infancy

The Sibling Bond

How Birth Order Shapes Personality

Adolescence

  • Children pass through developmental stages that are critical to develop normally across physical, cognitive and psychosocial areas
  • these areas of development can be influenced by environmental factors such as the amount of mother-infant interaction a child receives.
  • Birth order of siblings is a determining factor in the quality of mother-infant interactions (Jacobs & Moss, 1976)
  • If a child is second-born they are more likely to receive less mother interaction time than firstborns.
  • Therefore a child's needs are not being met at the same consistency as the older child's was which can influence the amount of trust they have in their caregiver.
  • During infancy the child is in the trust verse mistrust stage of Erikson's development theory
  • Child bonds with adult when its needs are met which forms an attachment with them (Bandura)
  • Increased mother-infant time together increases opportunity for cognitive and social stimulation.
  • Children during adolescence are experiencing puberty and psychosocial changes.
  • Adolescents engage in higher risk behavior due to their cognitive abilities, which disable them from thinking ahead to consequences of risk.
  • Risk behavior can be sibling influenced (Solmeyer et al, 2014).
  • Firstborn males exhibit more risky behavior in comparison to females
  • Second-born children with older brothers engage in more risky behavior
  • Males take part in more risky behavior than females.
  • The greater level of sibling conflict, the more risky behavior was exhibited (Solmeyer et al, 2014).

References

  • http://images.christianpost.com/full/59709/sibilings
  • http://personalitybuzz.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/How-Your-Birth-Order-Shapes-Your-Personality-3

https://www.massagemag.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/MM_mom-and-baby

http://focusforwardcc.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Sibling-Rivalry

Solmeyer, A., McHale, S. & Crouter, A. 2014. Longitudinal associations between sibling relationship qualities and risky behavior across adolescence. Developmental Psychology. 50(2). 600-610.

Yuriko, O. 1996. Birth order effects on early language development: Do second-born children learn from overhead speech? Child Development, 67 (2). 621-634.

Jacobs, B. & Moss, H. (1976). Birth Order and Sex of Sibling as Determinants of Mother-Infant Interaction. Child Development, 47 (2). 315-322.

Kim, J., McHale, S. Osgood, D., Crouter, A. 2006. Longitudinal course and family correlates of sibling relationships from childhood through adolescence. Child Development. 77(6). 1746-1761.

By Briana Stuhlman

Image by goodtextures: http://fav.me/d2he3r8

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