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The realism period was a defining time period for many nations, as well as a time of growth and reconstruction. This definition applies to America as well, as the morals and ideals of the nation were established, as shown through the history of the country and the literature.
A White Heron: Sarah Orne Jewett (1886)- This short story is about a nine year old girl who meets a hunter. He offers a large amount of money to anyone who can lead him to a specific white heron. She sacrifices money for the protection of nature and keeps the heron’s location hidden. Jewett uses important themes in her short story, such as innocence, man vs. nature, and the difficulty in making crucial decisions.
Haymarket Riot 1886- Workers who worked in dangerous mines were paid very little wages, and had to work for many long hours. In order to improve conditions, the workers rallied in front of the building, preventing anyone from entering. Eventually, the police arrived to disperse the crowd, as the police went towards the crowd, an unidentified person threw a bomb. This started the riot and killed several police officers and one civilian.
Mark Twain - The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn - This book is about a boy named Huck Finn who runs away from home and meets a runaway slave named Jim. They form a friendship and protect each other as they go on various adventures and plan to set Jim free. The book was important as it suggests that the accepted morals of society and laws can be immoral in some cases, such as those regarding slavery. It was a controversial book at the time due to its overall message and subject matter. It was banned from public schools and libraries all across the country for a period of time.
Creation of Dynamite 1866- The creation of dynamite was by Alfred Nobel. Alfred worked in a munitions factory with his father and dealt with black powder. Black powder was used before dynamite as an explosive but was very unstable and could not be controlled as well. So to make explosives safer Nobel invented dynamite which revolutionized mining, construction and warfare. Soon after Alfred regretted making the invention as it lead to more death because of how it was used in warfare.
Joaquin Miller “Songs of the Sierra” 1871- Joaquin Miller was a poet and frontiersman at the time. The book “Songs of the Sierra” was a personal account of his adventures in the west. It talks about his time in Arizona and what he experienced. Also, it included he describes the landscape in a colorful way. The colorful way he describes the landscape was what made him famous.
1860- The Opium Wars end with China being totally humiliated and losing territory to the United Kingdom and France. This begins the age of Imperialism in China, with foreign nations being allowed to travel internally into China and legally being able to sell export and sell opium. China was forced to sign the Treaty of Tientsin.
Chinese Exclusion Act 1882- The Chinese Exclusion Act was signed into law by President Chester A. Arthur. The Act banned any Chinese laborers from immigrating to the country for a period of ten years and also established that Chinese immigrants already living in America could not become American citizens. The Act was created due to the fact that Chinese-Americans seemingly created too much competition for jobs.
Light Blub Invented 1878- In 1878, Edison focused on inventing a safe, inexpensive electric light to replace the gaslight, a challenge that scientists had been with for the last 50 years. He made a breakthrough in October 1879 with a bulb that used a platinum filament, and in the summer of 1880, he hit on carbonized bamboo as a viable alternative for the filament, which proved to be the key to a long-lasting and affordable light bulb.
Berlin West Africa Conference 1884- This conference was held by Otto Von Bismarck by the request of Portugal about the colonization of Africa. During the time of the conference, 80 percent of Africa was governed by the local population. Fourteen Countries were represented at the Berlin Conference on November 15, 1884. The countries represented at the time included Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden-Norway (unified from 1814-1905), Turkey, and the United States of America. Of these fourteen nations, France, Germany, Great Britain, and Portugal were the major players in the conference, controlling most of colonial Africa at the time.
Eiffel Tower inaugurated 1889- On March 31, 1889 the Eiffel tower is inaugurated by Gustave Eiffel. It was built as a monument to the French Revolution. It reached 984 feet above Paris and was the tallest man-made structure at the time. Gustave Eiffel was a master of metal construction and even designed the framework for the Statue of Liberty. It took two years to construct the tower and only one worker was killed during the build. It was only suppose to last for 20 years but the value of it being a radio antenna kept it up.
1871- After defeating France, Germany is reunified as one nation state. Germany is called the German Empire. This combined countries Prussia, Hanover, Bavaria, Saxon, Saxony, Holstein, and 15 other nations into one. The reunification is credited to Otto Von Bismarck of Prussia as he fought for influence in Western Germany.
Creation of the Periodic Table 1869- The periodic table was created by Dimitri Mendeleev in 1869. He arranged the elements by their atomic mass and even predicted discovery of elements and left spaces open for them in the periodic table. Although it is often argued who created the periodic table first the Russian Dimitri Mendeleev or the German Lothar Meyer, who bother can up with similar creations after working independently.
Reconstruction Amendments 1865-1870 -
These Amendments were important to the advancement of civil rights for slaves and former slaves.
The Thirteenth Amendment, ratified in 1862, abolished slavery “within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.”
The Fourteenth Amendment, ratified in 1868, recognized all "born or naturalized in the United States” as citizens. It also gave all citizens “equal protection under the laws.” Former slaves and African-Americans were finally seen as citizens and equally represented by law.
The Fifteenth Amendment, ratified in 1870, prohibited all states from depriving citizens the right to vote based on race or color. This amendment gave African-Americans the right to vote. However, it did not prohibit states from preventing African-Americans with other forms of legislation.
Little Women (1868)- “Little Women” is about four sisters growing from childhood from adulthood. It portrays their struggles as they must change certain aspects of themselves in order to succeed in society. During the time period of this book, women were expected to follow specific social constructs. Through the story of four different sisters, Alcott explains explains four different paths a woman can take during a time in which women were heavily oppressed by societal norms. While two of the sisters follow the expectations for women, the other two sisters attempt to further themselves from these expectations. The book explained the dangers of stereotypes on both males and females and highlighted the importance of going beyond society’s expectations.
Emancipation Proclomation - During the Civil War, as thousands of slaves fled to join the invading Northern armies, Lincoln was convinced that abolition had become a sound military strategy, as well as the morally correct path. On September 22, soon after the Union victory at Antietam, he issued a preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, declaring that as of January 1, 1863, all slaves in the rebellious states “shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free.”
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Yellow River Flood 1887- The Yellow River is located in China and is prone to flooding as it is located in somewhat flat region. One of the worst floods that the region experienced was in 1887 when an estimated 900,000 - 2,000,000 people died from the flood. The farmers who have lived in the area built dikes to contain the water but after days of hard rain the dikes broke. The flood covered an area of 50,000 square miles and left 2,000,000 Chinese homeless.
Homestead Act 1862- Signed by President Abraham Lincoln on May 20, 1862, it encouraged people to move to the west and receive 160 acre of free land. In exchange, they would have to pay a small fee and would have live on the land for at least 5 years. The purpose of this act was to increase the amount of settlement in the west.
Krakatoa Volcanic Eruption 1883- This eruption is considered one of the worst volcanic explosions in modern history killing 35,000 people. The eruption took place on a island in Indonesia. On August 26 at noon, the volcano sent a 20 miles ash cloud into the air and sent tremors which triggered many tsunamis. The event took place on August 27, 1883. There were three eruptions that took place. The last eruption triggered the loudest sound ever hear on earth. It blew out the eardrums of people 40 miles away and was heard all the way in central Australia. During the next few year the ash from the volcano caused temperatures to drop from it going into the stratosphere and blocking sunlight. Also, it cause the earth to experience a red sunset for the next couple of years.
Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811-1896) -Harriet Beecher Stowe was one of the most influential authors of the realism time period, as she influenced not only other literary works, but influenced other social aspects in America. She touched on several societal wrongs in her works, such as slavery, incest, and certain unjust occurrences in religious communities. Her most famous book, “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” spoke out against slavery and encouraged other women to publicly share their political opinions.
Japanese Civil War 1868- The Japanese Civil War takes place as some Japanese are upset with how the Shogunate has dealt foreign policies. The Imperial Court called for the restoration of the emperor. Also, called for restoring power back into the Imperial Court. Foreign Powers had influence in this war as the French supported the Shogunate and the Imperials were supported by the Britain. The war ended with the Shogunate surrendering and power being restored to Emperor Meiji.
Civil War 1861-1865 - The Civil War war began due to the North and the South’s conflicting views on the power of the national government to restrict slavery in areas that had not become states yet. When President Lincoln was elected, several slave states seceded from the Union, and eventually, a total of eleven slave states joined the Confederacy. The war was fought in order to preserve America and to prevent further division of the country. The war ended in 1865, when the main Confederate armies surrendered and the President of the Confederacy, Jefferson Davis, was captured. AS a result of the war ending, the Union and the Confederate states reformed into one country again.
Life and Times of Frederick Douglass 1881- This book is an autobiography of Frederick Douglass’s life. This continues further into his life where his 1845 autobiography left off. It recounts of his efforts during the Civil War. Also, more about his free life in Massachusetts. Also, about his fear of recapture in his experience in New York.
1873- Panic of 1873 was when in Europe and North America there was an economic depression. It is considered the first economic depression brought about by industrial capitalism. World trade during the mid 1800’s increased by more than 250 percent. The crash began in Vienna, Austria where their stock market crashed resulting in a series of Austrian Banks failure as the money supply contracted. The chaos quickly spread around Europe especially in Germany. The railroad empire of Bethel Henry Strousberg fell as their stock dropped down 60 percent over the next 4 years.
Lincoln's Assassination 1865- President Abraham Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes Booth in the Ford Theater. Booth originally planned to kidnap the president, and take him to Richmond, the confederate capital. Within 24 hours of the assassination, there was a 100,000 reward for his capture. Anyone who looked like Booth, and even liked Booth were questioned, and some were even killed. John Wilkes Booth would be found 12 days after the assassination.
National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) is founded (1890) - This association was created from the merging of two feminist organizations: the National Woman Suffrage Association and the American Woman Suffrage Association. The initial leaders were Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucy Stone, and Susan B. Anthony. They fought for the ratification of suffrage amendments in several states and hoped that this would cause Congress to pass a federal amendment.
Walt Whitman “Memoranda during the war” 1873- During the Civil War, Walt Whitman spent most of his time with wounded soldiers in the field and the hospital. He filled 40 notebooks of story during the war and the book became a combination of them. The book became the basis of an extraordinary adventure of a medic during the Civil War.
Little Orphant Annie 1885- Little Orphant Annie was a poem created by James Whitcomb Riley in 1885. This poem was about a little orphan and her experience as a servant. This later paved the way for the comic strip “Little Orphan Annie” and even the play “Annie” with Shirley Temple.
Transcontinental Railroad 1869 - In 1862, two railroad companies, Central Pacific and Union Pacific were chartered to build a transcontinental railroad under the Pacific Railroad. It was built in order to connect the United States from the east to the west. After seven years of building, the two companies met in Utah on May 10, 1869.
Emily Dickinson - First Edition of “Poems” 1890 - Emily Dickinson was not recognized for her work during her lifetime. She died in 1886, yet her first collection of poems was published in 1890. Her poems had several main themes including religion, love, nature, and death. Her poems had a distinct style: often brief, witty, and emotional. She was considered one of the greatest poets of the nineteenth century, or even throughout all American literature.
http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/civil-war-overview/overview.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/
http://www.history.com/topics/homestead-act
http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/emancipation-proclamation
http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm
http://www.history.com/topics/abraham-lincoln-assassination#
http://www.history.com/topics/inventions/transcontinental-railroad
http://www.history.com/topics/industrial-revolution
http://www.history.com/topics/inventions/thomas-edison
http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=47
http://www.britannica.com/topic/National-American-Woman-Suffrage-Association
http://www.historytoday.com/julia-lovell/opium-wars-both-sides-now
http://asianhistory.about.com/od/japan/f/What-Was-the-Meiji-Restoration.htm
http://www.britannica.com/biography/Alfred-Bernhard-Nobel
http://www.lenntech.com/periodic/history/history-periodic-table.htm
https://history.state.gov/countries/issues/german-unification
http://www.counterfire.org/articles/a-marxist-history-of-the-world/15498-a-marxist-history-of-the-world-part-61-the-long-depression-1873-1896
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/krakatoa-erupts
http://teacherweb.ftl.pinecrest.edu/snyderd/MWH/Projects/mun-bc/History.htm
http://www.notredame.org/student_work/websites/disaster/yellowriver/index.htm
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/eiffel-tower-opens
http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/littlewomen/themes.html
https://archive.org/details/songssierrasand01millgoog
http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/huckfinn/summary.html
http://www.shmoop.com/a-white-heron/summary.html
http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/narrative/context.html
https://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poem/little-orphant-annie
http://www.english.illinois.edu/MAPS/poets/a_f/dickinson/bio.htm
https://global.oup.com/academic/product/memoranda-during-the-war-9780195307184?cc=us&lang=en&
http://www.sparknotes.com/short-stories/an-occurrence-at-owl-creek-bridge/summary.html
http://www.history.com/topics/harriet-beecher-stowe
An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge - Ambrose Bierce 1890- This short story is about a man and his time in the union army during the Civil War. This is a fictional story, but Ambrose Bierce himself served in the Union and achieved the rank of lieutenant. It mostly revolves around a bridge and the event that happened there. It is split into three parts about the events that happened on the bridge.