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Examples:

  • The boy lost his dog; he spent the whole afternoon looking for it.
  • It was a beautiful day; our teacher took us outside for class.
  • I had a large meal for dinner; however I am still hungry
  • The girl was outside playing; and she fell and broke her arm.

Semi - Colon

A semi- colon indicates a pause in a sentence

Can replace a period if the writer wants to link two closely related sentences

Use before words like however, therefore, for example, for instance etc.

Can be used between independent clauses inked by a connector like and, is, but, or, nor etc.

Capitalization/ Apostrophe/ Semi-Colon/ Colon

Capitalization

Capitalization

Colon

A punctuation mark used to precede a list of items, a quotation, an expansion or explanation.

  • Days, months and holidays are capitalized.
  • Ex: Christmas is on Thursday, December 25th
  • Seasons are only capitalized when specific.
  • Ex: Fall 2014 semester. The semester starts this fall.
  • Countries and Languages.
  • They speak Spanish in Spain
  • Periods and events.
  • Ex:Renaissance
  • Names of groups including sports teams, political groups, socials groups and clubs.
  • Boston Red Sox
  • Trademarks
  • Ex: Apple, Nike, Coca-Cola
  • First word in a direct quote and following a colon, unless it is a list.

  • The first letter of a sentence
  • Names
  • Ex: Chris, Alicia, Elmo
  • When describing relatives, the relative name is capitalized only when used with their name.
  • Ex: Uncle John, my uncle. Mom said to clean your room. She is my mom.
  • Capitalize the first, last and all important words in a title.
  • Ex: Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
  • God but not the gods
  • Ex: Allah,Zeus, and God are gods
  • Capitalize direction only when referring to the proper name of a place
  • Ex: South Dakota. He lives south of Dakota
  • Initials and acronyms
  • Ex: George W. Bush, FBI

Rule 3

A colon instead of a semicolon may be used between independent clauses when the second sentence explains, illustrates, paraphrases, or expands on the first sentence.

Example:

He got what he worked for: he really earned that promotion.

Rule 4

A colon may be used to introduce a long quotation.

Rule 1

Use a colon to introduce a series of items. Do not capitalize the first item after the colon

Rule 2

Avoid using a colon before a list when it directly follows a verb or preposition.

By: Sarah Izzo, Lujain Alromaih, Erin States, Aidan Ferrin

Apostrophe

Rule #1: Do not use an apostrophe + s to make a regular noun plural

Rule #2: Use the apostrophe to show possession. To show possession with a singular noun, add an apostrophe plus the letter s

Rule #3: If two people possess the same item, put the apostrophe + s after the second name only. But in cases of separate rather than joint possession, use the possessive form for both

Rule #4:Use an apostrophe with contractions. The apostrophe is placed where a letter or letters have been removed.

Rule #5: The personal pronouns hers, ours, yours, theirs, its, whose, and oneself never take an apostrophe.

Rule #6: Beware of false possessives, which often occur with nouns ending in s. Don't add apostrophes to noun-derived adjectives ending in s

Examples

Rule #1: Incorrect: Apostrophe's are confusing.

Correct: Apostrophes are confusing.

Rule #2: a woman's hat, the boss's wife

Rule #3: Bob and Ann's home is a log cabin.

Bob's and Ann's homes are log cabins.

Rule #4: doesn't, wouldn't, it's, can't, you've

Rule #5: hers, ours, his

Rule #6: Incorrect: He's a United States' citizen.

Correct: He's a United States citizen.

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