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“The colonists also widely misapplied royal authorization to enslave Indians who made ‘unjust’ wars on the Europeans. They so frequently claimed to royal officials that their enslaved Indians were captives in a ‘just’ war that the crown eventually had to forbid enslavement for any cause” (Burns 31).

“As the American colonies grew in population and activity and as Spain became increasingly involved in European wars in the eighteenth century, breaches appeared in the mercantilistic walls that Spain had carefully constructed around its American empire. British merchants audaciously assailed those walls and when and where possible widened the breaches. For their part, the Spanish Bourbons tried hard to introduce economic reforms that would reinforce Spain’s monopolistic economic control. They authorized and encouraged a series of monopolistic companies. Doubtless, the Guipuzcoa Company best illustrates the effects of these monopolies and certainly the protests they elicited from from a jealous native merchant class” (Burns 70).

  • Defined as: The economic doctrine that government control of foreign trade is of paramount importance for ensuring the military security of the country.
  • Spain used mercantilistic policies to gain maximum profits from colonies in the New World.
  • Profit from natural resources was a main reason for Spain's colonization in the New World
  • This was a driving factor behind the economic unrest of the merchant class in Latin America
  • Made in 1728
  • Meant to ensure that merchants in Venezuela conducted business directly with the Empire and eliminated the middleman of foreign markets
  • Cheated merchants out of money
  • Merchant class believed that the crown was cheating them out of their right to free trade
  • Paralleled the Navigation Acts

"In the confrontation of the New and Old Worlds, the Americas also influenced the course of events in Europe. The abundance of gold and silver shipped from Mexico, Peru, and Brazil caused prices to rise in Europe and helped to finance industrialization. Introduced into Europe were new products: tobacco, rubber, cacao, and cotton [...]; new plants; potatoes and corn, two of the four most important food crops of the world; and drugs: quinine, coca used in cocaine and novocaine, [...]. The potato alone helped to transform Europe, providing an abundance of food from Ireland to Russia hat facilitated both urbanization and industrialization. Corn transformed animal husbandry by supplying the food to promote its astonishing increase. Both of these cheap, abundant, and relatively reliable crops contributed mightily to the rise of European capitalism and the modern state" (Blum 19).

Socio-Economic Gap

Viceroy held power over:

  • Peninsulares
  • Creoles
  • Mestizos
  • Mulattoes
  • Slaves
  • Palenques

Slaves

  • Included Natives and Africans
  • No power with the viceroy
  • Worked and lived under their owners

“The European settlers depended heavily on the Indians and learned much from the conquered ... When the Indians proved inadequate, reluctant, or rebellious, or where their numbers were insufficient, ... the colonists began to look elsewhere for their labor supply”

Treatment of Natives

La Merced: 1600's

Influences of Intellectual Movements

Social

“The great buildings, secular and religious, grouped around the central plaza, had a most serious symbolic purpose. Their size, magnificence, and imposing presence bespoke the power of Church and State: they reminded one of all the wealth and power of monarch and God” (Burns 59).

  • Natives treated poorly
  • At the bottom of social hierarchy
  • Exploited for labor under Encomienda and Repartmiento
  • Due to disease and exploitation of natives, the indigenous population decreased drastically

“With the forced migration of the Africans to the New World, the racial triptych -- Mongoloid, Caucasian, and Negroid -- was complete. Each contributed to the formation of a unique civilization representing a blend of the three” (Burns 25).

3 Racial Groups

  • Mongoloid
  • Vulgar term for Asian
  • Negroid
  • One of African descent
  • Often slaves brought from Africa
  • Caucasian
  • European descent
  • Held most of the power
  • Only group that could hold political office

Influences of Intellectual Movements

  • Native Americans gave new discoveries and observations to Spanish when they arrived.

"The Americans forced upon European scholars new geographic, botanical, and zoological information, much of which contradicted the classical writers. [...] These contradictions came at about the same time Copernicus published his heliocentric theory (1543) and thus helped to usher in the age of modern science" (Burns 21).

Motives for settlement

  • Over time, Spaniards began exploitation
  • By the early 1500's, the Native Americans were fully subject to Spanish control
  • Establishment of slave systems
  • Encomienda (1503)
  • legal system used by the Spanish
  • Control and regulate Native American labor by granting a specific number of slaves to owners
  • Repartimiento (1542)
  • Permission to force labor onto Natives
  • Economic: Resources
  • Gold, silver, rubber, drugs, etc.
  • Social: Spread Catholicism
  • Political: Gain land, power, make an empire

"To adapt to their new environment, the European settlers depended heavily on the Indians and were not reluctant to learn from the conquered. During the early decades of conquest and colonization more European males than females arrived in the New World. The conquerors regarded the Indian as part of their conquest and freely sought sexual pleasure with them. [...] However, the Indians provided more than sexual gratification. they showed the Europeans the mest methods to hunt and fish, the value of the drugs the forest offered, the quickest way to clear the lands, and how to cultivate the crops of the New World" (Burns 21).

Before

  • Before Spain began taking over the New World, groups of people were organized into tribes
  • Aztecs and Incas were one of the most prosperous civilizations
  • Mayans were on a slow decline

Political

Spanish Arrival

  • Kind treatment
  • Communicated with the Natives effectively
  • Lived in peace
  • Church and State were separate
  • State: Patrimonialism
  • Specific person of elite status has complete control over all people
  • Viceroys: person representing king in the colonies
  • Church: Catholic
  • However religious freedom was restricted
  • Mission Systems: result of Encomienda
  • Religious outposts in which Slave owners were in charge of teaching slaves about Catholicism

Spanish American Colonies

Guipuzcoa Company

Mercantilism

Economic

by Deepikaa Sriram

and Jonny Summers

Background

  • Began with Columbus in 1492
  • Spain's control in the New World over the next 350 years
  • Spain eradicated the ancient civilizations: Aztecs, Mayans, and Incas
  • As a result became biggest empire since Roman
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