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Social

Cognition

Counterfactual Thinking

Thinking about things more consciously often leads to a sense of how things could have been different

Free

Will

Controlled Thinking

Thinking that is done intentionally, slowly, and purposefully.

We overestimate how free and controlled our thinking is

Over Confidence Barrier

Having too much confidence in judgements

High Effort

Thinking

Low Effort

Thinking

A teacher in the classroom that has confidence in their own belief that boys are better at mathematics than girls may give the boys more complicated problems thus augmenting their skills more than girls.

How free is this thinking?

Having a thought then doing an action may seem like free will, but there might actually be a predetermined, unconscious cue that causes both the thought and the action!

When an expectation of

another person influences

behaviour that makes that

expectation come true.

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Social Psychology

Availability

Availability

Heuristic

Judgemental

Heuristics

Mental shortcut, where

judgements are based

on the first related things that comes to mind

Representativeness

Heuristic

A mental shortcut where

judgements are based

on a typical case.

Click and drag to move around.

Priming

Schemata

Mental structures used to organise knowledge and understand the world. Often influencing how things are remembered.

Process by which recent experiences increase the availability of a schema

Culture

Ambiguous

Situation

Social

Influence

Image 2

Image 1

Masuda and Nisbett (2006)

Holistic vs Analytical Thinking

Found that when given the task to compare Image 1 and Image 2, those in the West were more likely to notice differences in the planes first, since they are the main object of the picture, whereas those in the East were more likely to notice differences in the background first.

Low Importance

Informational

Social Influence

Culture determines the content of schemata. Barlett (1932) showed that a Bantu herdsman could tell his cattle apart, without looking at documentation. Cattle are a large part of Bantu culture and so schemata related to them are more advanced.

33%

conformity

Conform because others are

a source of information

High Importance

16% conformity

Normative

Social Influence

Importance of being accurate

Baron, et al. 1996

Conformed to the norm 'listen to experts'

Conform in order to be liked and accepted

15 volts isn't a lot,

I can increase the

voltage at least once more!

Conforming

to the

wrong norm

Self

Justification

The experimenter takes the blame, not me.

I can continue

with impunity!

Conformity

Obedience

Not just Normative and Informational SI.

Milgram (1963)

'Real or imagined presence of others'

Private

Acceptance

Loss of Personal

Responsibility

Conforming because of genuine belief they are right.

Contagion

The rapid spread of behaviour and emotion through a group.

Mass Psychogenic Illness

What is and isn't

approved of by people

Widespread illness with similar characteristics

but no physical cause.

A Tennessee high school in 1998 suffered from with phenomena; after it was closed and investigated, and nothing found, everyone came back cured.

Sherif (1936)

Moving Dot Study

Loosening of normal constraints when in an environment where the person is unidentifiable.

Injunctive

Norms

Deindividuation

Postmes and Spears (1988)

More likely to conform to group norms.

Asch (1951)

Conformity Study

Public

Compliance

participant knew the lines were shorter, but conformed anyway

Perceptions of how people actually behave - regardless of approval or disapproval

Social

Norms

Conforming publicly, but not changing one's private beliefs.

Descriptive

Norms

Norms that are socially and culturally determined that influence behaviour; often obeyed for fear of being shunned.

Social Roles

Group

Processes

Zimbardo (1973)

People become the role that they are assigned to: in this case, prison officers and inmates.

Social

Impact

Theory

Social Loafing

Gender

Roles

Women far more likely to be presented in a subordinate role than men in magazine advertisements

Type of thinking to maintain group cohesion rather than say what is right

Paek, Nelson & Vilela,

(2011)

Conformity depends on:

i. Importance of group

ii. How close, in space, the group is to you.

iii. how many people in the group

Tendency to relax around others, since they cannot be evaluated. Do better on complex tasks--since we don't feel as though we are being judged.

The roles which are expected from both each gender respectively. Some behaviours are seen as male behaviours and others female.

Physiological

Arousal

Presence of others makes us more alert

Group

Cohesiveness

GroupThink

Because other people are evaluating us and so we act in a way so that we aren't judged

Qualities of a group that

bind it together and

promote mutual liking

Distraction causes conflict;

we have to choose which thing

we will concentrate on.

Social

Facilitation

tendency for people

to do better on simple

tasks rather than

complicated ones,

when people are around.

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