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Thinking about things more consciously often leads to a sense of how things could have been different
Thinking that is done intentionally, slowly, and purposefully.
We overestimate how free and controlled our thinking is
Having too much confidence in judgements
A teacher in the classroom that has confidence in their own belief that boys are better at mathematics than girls may give the boys more complicated problems thus augmenting their skills more than girls.
Having a thought then doing an action may seem like free will, but there might actually be a predetermined, unconscious cue that causes both the thought and the action!
When an expectation of
another person influences
behaviour that makes that
expectation come true.
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Availability
Heuristic
Judgemental
Heuristics
Mental shortcut, where
judgements are based
on the first related things that comes to mind
Representativeness
Heuristic
A mental shortcut where
judgements are based
on a typical case.
Click and drag to move around.
Priming
Schemata
Mental structures used to organise knowledge and understand the world. Often influencing how things are remembered.
Process by which recent experiences increase the availability of a schema
Ambiguous
Situation
Found that when given the task to compare Image 1 and Image 2, those in the West were more likely to notice differences in the planes first, since they are the main object of the picture, whereas those in the East were more likely to notice differences in the background first.
Culture determines the content of schemata. Barlett (1932) showed that a Bantu herdsman could tell his cattle apart, without looking at documentation. Cattle are a large part of Bantu culture and so schemata related to them are more advanced.
33%
conformity
Conform because others are
a source of information
16% conformity
Baron, et al. 1996
Conformed to the norm 'listen to experts'
Conform in order to be liked and accepted
15 volts isn't a lot,
I can increase the
voltage at least once more!
The experimenter takes the blame, not me.
I can continue
with impunity!
Conforming because of genuine belief they are right.
The rapid spread of behaviour and emotion through a group.
What is and isn't
approved of by people
Widespread illness with similar characteristics
but no physical cause.
A Tennessee high school in 1998 suffered from with phenomena; after it was closed and investigated, and nothing found, everyone came back cured.
Loosening of normal constraints when in an environment where the person is unidentifiable.
More likely to conform to group norms.
participant knew the lines were shorter, but conformed anyway
Perceptions of how people actually behave - regardless of approval or disapproval
Conforming publicly, but not changing one's private beliefs.
Norms that are socially and culturally determined that influence behaviour; often obeyed for fear of being shunned.
People become the role that they are assigned to: in this case, prison officers and inmates.
Women far more likely to be presented in a subordinate role than men in magazine advertisements
Type of thinking to maintain group cohesion rather than say what is right
Paek, Nelson & Vilela,
(2011)
Conformity depends on:
i. Importance of group
ii. How close, in space, the group is to you.
iii. how many people in the group
Tendency to relax around others, since they cannot be evaluated. Do better on complex tasks--since we don't feel as though we are being judged.
The roles which are expected from both each gender respectively. Some behaviours are seen as male behaviours and others female.
Presence of others makes us more alert
Because other people are evaluating us and so we act in a way so that we aren't judged
Qualities of a group that
bind it together and
promote mutual liking
Distraction causes conflict;
we have to choose which thing
we will concentrate on.
tendency for people
to do better on simple
tasks rather than
complicated ones,
when people are around.