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3. Semantic loans
The word in the borrowing language already exists but an additional meaning is borrowed from another language and added to this word's existing set of meanings
to realise = "to make something become true"
"to become aware of something"
realisieren = originally just:
"to make something become true"
(English > German)
1. loanwords
2. calques
3. semantic loans
(4. code switching)
2. calques
also: loan translation
When a word/idiom is translated into existing words of the borrowing language
omnipotens = almighty
(Latin > English)
unheimlich = unhomely
(German > English)
bread (roast meat) - roast
French > English
1. loanwords
borrowing of a word form + its meaning or a component of its meaning
Full:
Kindergarten (German > English)
Partial:
Showgeschäft (English > German)
Crystal, David (2003). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP.
Durkin, Philip (2014). Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Grzega, Joachim (2003). "Borrowing as a Word-finding Process in Cognitive Historical Onomasiology". In: Onomasiology Online 4, 22-42. (date of retrieval: 15.06.2014)
Haspelmath, Martin (2009). Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook. Berlin: DeGruyter Mouton.
Haugen, Einar (1950). "The Analysis of Linguistic Borrowings". In: Language 26.2, 210-231. Linguistic Society of America.
McCarthy, Michael et al. (2010). Vocabulary Matrix. Understanding Learning, Teaching. Andover: Heinle.
Lexical borrowings are words that one language (= the borrowing language) "borrows" from another language (= the donor language)
Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
Department of English and Linguistics
Seminar: English Linguistics: Lexicology
Instructor: PD Dr. Martina Lampert
Summer Term 2014
Julia Pförtner