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There are different types of lexical borrowings:

3. Semantic loans

The word in the borrowing language already exists but an additional meaning is borrowed from another language and added to this word's existing set of meanings

to realise = "to make something become true"

"to become aware of something"

realisieren = originally just:

"to make something become true"

(English > German)

There are different types of lexical borrowings:

1. loanwords

2. calques

3. semantic loans

(4. code switching)

2. calques

also: loan translation

When a word/idiom is translated into existing words of the borrowing language

What next?

Relevance of loanwords for school teaching

  • important to understand the interference between language and culture
  • a more logical approach to vocabulary by understanding the etymology of words better
  • minimising the danger of falling for false friends

omnipotens = almighty

(Latin > English)

unheimlich = unhomely

(German > English)

Why do languages borrow words?

Core Borrowings

Cultural Borrowings

  • loanwords that duplicate or replace existing native words
  • often for reasons of prestige
  • often unclear how to classify a loanword
  • insertion - replacement - coexistence
  • "loanwords by necessity"
  • new words for new (cultural) concepts
  • often in bilingual areas
  • sometimes: more efficient to take over a words that already exists in a foreign language than to create a new word

Therapeutic Borrowing

Lexical Borrowings

  • borrowing due to a word taboo
  • borrowing for reasons of homonomy avoidance

bread (roast meat) - roast

French > English

There are different types of lexical borrowings:

1. loanwords

borrowing of a word form + its meaning or a component of its meaning

What is a lexical borrowing?

Sources

Full:

Kindergarten (German > English)

Partial:

Showgeschäft (English > German)

Crystal, David (2003). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP.

Durkin, Philip (2014). Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Grzega, Joachim (2003). "Borrowing as a Word-finding Process in Cognitive Historical Onomasiology". In: Onomasiology Online 4, 22-42. (date of retrieval: 15.06.2014)

Haspelmath, Martin (2009). Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook. Berlin: DeGruyter Mouton.

Haugen, Einar (1950). "The Analysis of Linguistic Borrowings". In: Language 26.2, 210-231. Linguistic Society of America.

McCarthy, Michael et al. (2010). Vocabulary Matrix. Understanding Learning, Teaching. Andover: Heinle.

Any questions left?

Lexical borrowings are words that one language (= the borrowing language) "borrows" from another language (= the donor language)

Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz

Department of English and Linguistics

Seminar: English Linguistics: Lexicology

Instructor: PD Dr. Martina Lampert

Summer Term 2014

Julia Pförtner

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