Pump Ops

"I got a real red wagon!"

Josh Cline, 2014

Yes Josh, you can work the lights.

PRINCIPLES OF FRICTION LOSS

1. IF ALL OTHER CONDITIONS ARE THE SAME, FRICTION LOSS VARIES DIRECTLY WITH THE LENGTH OF HOSE OR PIPE. Double the length, double the friction loss.

2. WHEN HOSE, ETC. ARE THE SAME SIZE, FRICTION LOSS VARIES APPROXIMATELY WITH SQUARE OF THE INCREASE IN THE VELOCITY OF THE FLOW. Double the speed of the water and increase friction loss by four times.

3. FOR THE SAME DISCHARGE, FRICTION LOSS VARIES INVERSELY AS THE FIFTH POWER OF THE DIAMETER OF THE HOSE. At a given GPM, friction loss is cut by four times when you increase the diameter of hose from 2 1/2'' to a 5'' hose.

4. FOR A GIVEN VELOCITY, FRICTION LOSS IS APPROXIMATELY THE SAME, REGARDLESS OF THE PRESSURE OF THE WATER. Friction loss is VELOCITY based. The faster you move it, the more friction loss occurs.

At a given quantity of flow, friction loss in nearly independent of pressure. The velocity of water through a hose line, not pressure, causes friction loss. Other factors affecting friction loss in hose line include: rough lininings in the hose, sharp bends or kinks, appliances, improperly seated gaskets, partially closed valves, etc.

Pump OPS 2014

PUMP CALCULATIONS

45 mm Constants @700 kpa 65 mm Constants @ 700 kpa Hydrant Delivery Calculations

Liters / Min Friction Loss / 15m Liters / Min Friction Loss / 15m % Drop = (Static - Residual) x 100

360 50 kpa 475 10 kpa (Static)

475 90 kpa 550 15 kpa 10% = 2 x's as being delivered

550 110 kpa 750 30 kpa 20% = Same as being delivered

750 210 kpa 950 45 kpa 40% = No Water Available

ALWAYS MAINTAIN A RESIDUAL PRESSURE OF 140 KPA FROM SOURCE

Master Streams

Fitted Akron Automatic Master Streams : 950 - 1400 lpm @ 550 - 1400 kpa

Portable Master Streams : 1900 lpm @ 1050 kpa plus 65 mm friction loss of 170kpa / 15m

Elevation Pressure Calculation Sprinkler Connections

Elevation pressure = 10 kpa per Meter 1050 kpa unless otherwise marked

Standpipe Calculations

Pal Pak Nozzle = 345 kpa @ 550 lpm Pal Pak = 2 x 45mm + 1 x 65 mm

PUMP DISCHARGE PRESSURE for Pal Pak: PDP = NP + FL (PDP =345 + 235) =580 kpa

Fire Floor Discharge Pressure is: PDP = Pal Pak + 35 kpa x (Fire Floor - 1) + or - Elevation

5 floors = 720 kpa 10 floors = 900 kpa 15 floors = 1100 kpa 20 floors = 1250 kpa 25 floors = 1420 kpa

Burlington Skyway Bridge Standpipe Calculations

Standpipe Location S1 / N1 S2 / N2 S3 / N3 S4 / N4 S5 / N5

Height 12 m 19 m 28 m 38 m 40 m

PDP for Relay to

Pump (500 kpa) 620 690 780 880 900

ALWAYS MAINTAIN A RESIDUAL PRESSURE OF 140 KPA FROM SOURCE

DRAFTING

Obtain a draft in RPM mode and then switch to PRESSURE mode for firefighter safety

-using RPM mode set engine rpm's to idle – 800 and engage primer for 30 -45 seconds

Source Pump relay pumping should be maintained at 400 - 500 kpa

Never pump over 1400 kpa through 100 mm hose

125Mar11/12

101 QUNITS

• Equipped with aerial device, ground ladders, fire pump, water tank and fire hose
• Min pump capacity of 946 L/min @ 1035 kpa
• Must have 3000 L/min pump
• 55’ Aerial
• 7000 L/min or 1500 gpm
• GVW 48500 lb
• Fuel 50 gal
• Water 400 gal

101 TANKERS

101 PUMP/RESCUE

101

101 NFPA

101 Foam Capability

5000 L/min (1250 gpm US)

GVW 41800 lbs

Fuel tank 189 L (40 gal - 50 gal US)

Water tank – 2271 L (500 gal – 600 gal US)

Water Supply:

• Apparatus water tank
• Fire Hydrant
• Static Supply

Terrain

Tanker maybe required to climb steep hills or operate on winding roads

• Bridge Weight Limits
• Bridges maybe to old not designed for the weight

STEPS TO CALCULATING FRICTION LOSS

NFPA 1901

Minimum pump capacity 3000L/min or 750gpm

Pump capacities are found in increments of 1000L/min in pumps over 3000 L/min

• Equipped according to NFPA 1901
• Only a few discharge outlets are capable of flowing foam
• Foam tanks range from 80 to 400L
• Refilled by 20 L pails

FOAM RATE IS PRE-SET AT 0.5%

101 PUMP/RESCUES

101

Elevating Water Devices

Step 1: Obtain the friction loss coefficient for the hose being used (see chart)

Step 2: Determine the number of hundreds of liters of water flowing per minute flowing (Q) through the hose by using the equation Q = liters/100

Step 3: Determine the number of hundreds of meters of hose (L) by using the equation, L = meters/100

Step 4: Plug the numbers from steps 1,2,and 3 into the friction loss equation, (FL = CQ2L) to determine the total friction loss

101

Pump Operators Prime Objective

• Provide water flow & pressure needed for control and/or extinguishment
• Consider the effects of friction within the hose
• Effects of elevation
• Use pressure loss calculations to determine pump pressure

• Range in height from 15 to 32 metres
• Provides for the discharge of water from an elevated or lowered position
• - elevated stand pipe
• - fire suppression
• May operate as a ladder or pump or both

Main Purpose of Pumps:

To provide water at adequate pressures for fire streams

Friction Loss In Fire Hose:

Friction loss (FL) is the most important variable to be considered in fire ground hydraulics. Each appliance, fitting, coupling, section of hose and everything else through which water flows will impede the flow through friction. All of these factors may vary with condition, design, manufacturer, and age of hose and appliances: therefore, no exact allowances can be made for friction loss.

Use of parallel lines of hose reduces friction loss to approximately 28% of what it is with a single line, for the same flow of water. Friction loss in 3" hose with 2 ½" couplings is about 40% that of 2 ½ " hose. Thus, with the same engine pressure (EP/PDP), it is possible to use a line of 3” hose two and one half times as long as one of 2 ½, to get the same nozzle pressure (NP) with the same size nozzle. Having 2 ½ “ couplings on a 3” hose only increases friction loss by about 5%: using the same size couplings on both 2 ½ “ and 3 “ hose makes it possible to use these sizes interchangeably.

Pumps provide rated capacity (100%) at 150 psi net pump pressure and only 70% of rated capacity at 200 psi net pump pressure and at 250 psi net pump pressure, the pump will discharge 50% of rated pump capacity. By the use of formulas bellow, it is evident that the friction loss in a hose is based on the quantity of water flowing. Friction loss will remain constant as long as the GPM remain the same. Regardless of the pressure the friction loss in a given flow is approximately constant.

101 Theorectical Calculations

APPLIANCE FRICTION LOSS

It gives the driver/operator a better understanding of the basis for the fire ground methods of calculating pressure loss It allows the driver/ operator to predetermine accurate pump discharge pressures for pre-connected hose lines and common hose lays

It serves as a tool for pre-incident planning of properties that may require hose lays out of the ordinary for the fire department

Their SAFETY depends on your UNDERSTANDING.

We will assume 0 kPa loss for flows less than 1400 L/min (other than master stream devices)

We will assume 70 kPa for each appliance where the appliance has greater than 1400 L/min. flowing through it

We will assume a friction loss of 175 kPa in all master stream appliances regardless of flow

Factors Affecting Friction Loss

ELEVATION PRESSURE

The primary factor is the volume of water flowing per minute.

The secondary factor is the length and diameter of the hose line and any major hose appliances attached to the line.

In order to simplify elevation pressure calculations on the fire ground, the following formula may be used:

EP = 10H

Where:

EP = Elevation Pressure in kPa

10 = A constant

H = Height in meters

Appliance friction is insignificant when the total flow through the appliance is less than 1400 L/min.

FL = Friction Loss in kPa C = Friction Loss Coefficient (tables) Q = Flow Rate in Hundreds of Liters (flow/100) L = Hose Length in Hundreds of Meters (length/100)

Total Pressure Loss = Friction Loss + Elevation Pressure Loss