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Revolutions of the Early 1900s
Often described as Iran's first revolution, the 1906
mass revolution proved that Iranians were ready to
end the absolutist monarchy and establish a
constitution that could limit the power of the monarchy. This also set the stage for protest as the
primary form of political dissent in Iran.
The second of its kind, the Ottoman Constitutional Revolution of 1908 was largely a response to foreign intervention, which hurt the interest of Ottomans whilst serving the interest of greedy monarchs.
Also known as the Young Turk Revolution, it led to the establishment of a new constitution.
Having lost former strength within the Iraqi military, the ICU was nearly defenseless when attacked by Baathist leaders in 1963. Over 7,000 communists were executed, and the party never regained the traction it had once possessed.
The Turkish election of 1950 was important because it was the first demonstrated democratic exchange of power in the region. It is also in this election that Halide Edib won a seat in the national assembly.
In 2011, the Arab Spring breaks out in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Syria,Yemen, and Bahrain. A series of anti government protests, uprisings and armed rebellions, the Arab Spring was a direct response to low quality of living a
Overturning the 1964 PLO charter, the 1988 PNC vote renounced terrorism, recognized Israel, and declared a sovereign Palestinian state in the West Bank and Gaza. This is important because it notes a shift both in Palestinian-Israeli relations, but also in Palestinian national identity.
Following the Iranian Mass Revolution of 1906-1911, as well as other constitutionalist protests in the region, the Paris Peace talks authorized British and French occupation of Ottoman Arab lands, causing the fall of constitutional movements in the region. The failure of the previous revolutions, combined with the now constant occupational forces, served to transition the common view of justice away from constitutionalism as a whole.
In 1993, the Oslo Accords were signed by PLO chairman Yasser Arafat and
Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin, enabling formation of a
Palestinian provisional government. This was significant because it was the first Israeli concession on behalf of Palestinian self-governance.
Turkey's first president, Mustafa Kemal took sweeping progressive reforms, an attempt to modernize and secularize Turkey. He was also a field marshall, revolutionary statesman, and author.
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The Free Officers, led by Nasser, preempted popular revolt through a military coup. According to Thompson, "The Free
Officers abolished the 1923 constitution and established a one- party dictatorship that would repress its opposition— communists, liberals,
and the MB— with even greater force." (pg. 174-75)
A sustained series of Palestinian protests against Israeli occupation of Gaza and the West Bank. This is notable because, though violent riots did occur, the first Intifada marked the shift from violent protest to non-violent leaderless protests in the Palestinian liberation movement.
Also spanning between 1919 and 1920, the causes for Syrian movement towards constitutionalism mirrors that of Egyptian constitutionalist movements-- opposition to foreign intervention. Syrian constitutionalists were also angered by the way in which economic prosperity was predominantly coming to immigrants and settlers instead of to Arabs.
A wave that climaxed in 1919-1920, Egypt was driven to constitutionalism by the threat of foreign interference. Having been coined the "Klondike on The Nile" during the American Civil War, Egypt was used for cotton, while the government played an ever-increasing part in day-to-day life. This, combined with the wealth disparity caused by foreign intervention, led to a rise in constitutionalism.
David Ben-Gurion was the primary founder and first Prime Minister of Israel. He was the preeminent leader of the Jewish community in British Mandate Palestine from 1935 until the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, which he led until 1963 with a short break in 1954-55.
Halide Edib was a Turkish novelist, nationalist, and advocate for women's rights in Turkey. She emerged from privilege to fight for the common Turk, and believed in a Turkish national identity. Many of her beliefs were rooted in constitutional Islam.
After Zionist militants launched a revolt against Britain in 1945, the British turned the mandate over to the United Nations, which voted to partition Palestine into two states. According to Thompson, this set off a civil war between Arabs and Jews.
National war of independence ousted non-Muslims and enabled establishment of a republic. This marked the end of the nearly 600-year Ottoman dynasty and a millennium of Christian-Muslim coexistence.
Having been previously reticent to endorse the militant's violent agenda, Ben-Gurion, driven by internal and foreign agendas, finally agreed wholeheartedly.
Between the years of 1990 and 1998, there was massive Islamic Insurgence against the regime of Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak. This insurgence led to harsh government restrictions and crushing of Islamist movements, including the rigging of elections and executions. This is significant because the harsh government action actually led more Egyptians to shift towards Islamist ideals.
In front of 800 million television viewers, a Palestinian group, Black September, took eleven Israeli athletes hostage in the Munich Olympic Village. The day ended in the deaths of all hostages, five Palestinians, and a policeman. This is important because it contributed to the global perception of Palestinians as terrorists and illegitimate militia. It also illustrates attempts at violence to draw public attention.