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Charles Curtis
Trail of Tears
No DAPL protesters, 2016
And the fight for homeland still wages on in the 21st century. With the Havasupai dispute of 2013, which included plans to build a uranium mine near a national park without consulting native officials; to the ongoing NO DAPL movement involving the creation of a pipeline that would threaten animal and human life all along the Standing Rock Lakota Nation, it seems like there is no end in sight. Even with uncertainty and negativity looming ahead for many Native Americans, cultural preservation and awareness efforts are incredibly strong, uniting multitudes through the advent of the Internet.
1960s-Onward
-For the past five, almost six decades, Native American Civil Rights have taken shape in many forms. April 11, 1968, Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Indian Civil Rights Act. This act grant Native American tribes many of the benefits included in the Bill of Rights. On November 20, 1969, Alcatraz Island in the San Francisco Bay is occupied by a protest group. The AIM (American Indian Movement) occupies Plymouth Rock on November 26, 1970. In 1972, the AIM takes a chance and opens local community schools in Minneapolis to combat poor graduation rates within the community. In 1973, AIM holds a successful 71 day occupation at the sight of the Wounded Knee Massacre. In 1981, the Yavapi nation of Fort McDowell, Arizona, won the battle against constructing a dam that would've flooded half of their reservation.
1940s-1950s
-Hundreds of tribes were eliminated, i.e legally terminated. Tribal governments were lost or weakened. The small groups of indigenous people fragmented even further. Claiming Native American identity at this time was looked down upon, and it was the aim of the American government to push indigenous people into mainstream society to assimilate. Native Americans were simply on a lower status of existence in America, as many other marginalized groups were during this period, eventually leading to the activism of the 1960s and 1970s.
1959
-William vs Lee, a Supreme Court ruling which gave the right to jurisdiction of reservation land to a non-Native American person, continues to disadvantage and prophet off of those living on reservations.
June 2, 1924
-The Indian Citizenship Act grants citizenship to all Native Americans born in the territorial limits. While a far cry from the Indian Removal Act, the very concept of the Indian Citizenship Act bewildered the indigenous community, as most of them could trace their lineage in the United States territories for much longer than the majority of white Americans.
June 18, 1934
-The Indian Reorganization Act attempted to help Native Americans regain territory and reestablish tribal governments. Tribal constitutions, economic and educational plans were mean to restore a sense of pride, freedom, and independence for Native Americans.
November 15-18, 1944
The National Congress of American Indians met during this week to discuss the future of the community and to monitor federal policies. About 100 figureheads from various tribes were present, and it is still active.
Crazy Horse
February 18, 1887
-Grover Cleveland signs the Dawes Act, which states that land can be divided between individuals on reservations. This offers some autonomy to the Native Americans, who's tribal and geological relationships could not be properly understood by those in power.
December 29, 1890
-150 are killed in the Wounded Knee Massacre.
January 29, 1907
-Charles Curtis becomes the first Native American US Senator who subsequently became the first Native American Vice President. He was part Kaw, Oskage, Potawatomi, and French.
Ava Marx
November 29, 1864
-Tensions between natives and Colorado officials ends in the Creek Massacre, where 150 Native Americans were pit against about 650 soldiers.
June 25, 1876
-During the battle of Little Bighorn, George Custer and his regiment are defeated by tribe leaders Crazy Horse and Sitting
Bull.
May 28, 1830
-During Andrew Jackson's presidency, the Indian Removal Act is written into law. Dozens of tribes are asked to hand over their homeland to white settlers, and few groups comply with the enforcement. Thousands of people were relocated to various sites across the country.
May 23, 1838
-As an extension of the Indian Removal Act, Van Buren moves 4,000 Cherokee people over 1,000 miles west to Oklahoma. The Trail of Tears was brutal and involved the total disrespect of the Cherokee, of which 55% had died during the painful and prolonged event.