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Sources:

Observer, Khalid Elhassan

CSIS, Anthony H Cordesman

Maudlin Economics

Cairo Review. Hooshang Amirahmadi

worldatlas.com

PBS.org

ifimes.org

Graham Chapman: "Changing Geography of Africa and the Middle East"

W.B. Fisher: "The Middle East"

Tim Marshall: "Prisoners of Geography"

The Silk Road

BBC, Tarek Osman

thetower.org

John Green Crash Course

JSTOR: Dona J. Stewart

Karen Culcasi

J.H Mackinder

David A. Andelman/Damien Glez

Bruce R. Kuniholm

Lecture: "The Mediterranean, Modernity and Maritime Criticism"

SOURCES:

worldatlas.com

PBS.org

Geoff Emberling essay

Britannica

Graham Chapman: "The Changing Geography of Africa and the Middle East"

W.B. Fisher: "The Middle East"

John Green Crash Course

JSTOR: Hussein A Amery

J.H. Mackinder

Douglas L Johnson

J.A. Allan

David Newman

Munther J. Haddadin

C.G. Smith

Lecture, "Towards a Polictical Theory of Terrain"

Sources:

Observer, Khalid Elhassan

Maudlin Economics

Cairo Review, Hooshang Amirhmad

worldatlas.com

Tim Marshall: "Prisoners of Geography"

Graham Chapman: "The Changing Geography of Africa and The Middle East"

W.B. Fisher: "The Middle East"

BBC Tarek Osman

thetower.org

JSTOR: Karen Culcasi

G.H. Blake

David Newman

David A. Andelman/Damien Glez

Lecture, "Towards a Political Theory of Terrain"

✳✱*

HINDRANCE

HELP

  • Sykes-Picot - countries do not have one nationality
  • Land given to Jews and Arabs after WW2
  • Deportation of Iraqi Persians
  • Kuwait extension of Mesopotamia
  • Ottoman Empire
  • Kurds live across borders - desire for Kurdistan
  • Many boundaries not agreed therefore contested areas e.g. Golan Heights. Difficult when oil is discovered crossing borders
  • UAE - unconfirmed boundaries at first?
  • Minority rule
  • Cradle of Civilisation – Mesopotamia, fertile land

ARTIFICIAL BORDERS

HINDRANCE

HELP

  • Closed drainage basins
  • IR for use of Jordan River/Tirgris-Euphrates
  • Water wars - depletion of underground stocks
  • Irrigation issues
  • Disappear into kavirs/salt flats or covered by own alluvium
  • Control of rivers during wars
  • May become less important as nations give up rule for peace - more important what bloc they belong to?

HELP

RIVER SYSTEM

  • Trade
  • Link between people on its shores
  • Oilfields between Israel and Turkey
  • Open gulfs/seas allowed sea power

HELP

  • Meeting of north/south and east/west
  • Trade routes - merchant communities
  • Suez Canal
  • Formation of GCC

BODIES OF WATER: THE MEDITERRANEAN AND GULFS

HINDRANCE

POSITION IN THE WORLD

EPQ PLAN

HINDRANCE

  • Bosporus – link for Russia, border with Europe, easily obstructed
  • Conquerors – Romans
  • Iraq want to own Kuwait for access to the sea
  • Maritime borders of increasing importance for oil
  • Caspian - oil pipelines, ownership?
  • Discovery of sea route to India - decline in importance
  • Conquered by many
  • Ottoman Rule -capitulations etc.
  • Rivalry of US, Russia, Europe
  • Centre for religion - led to creation of Israel. Also reason for Israel wanting more territory. Rivalry with neighbours leads to 20% GDP spent on defence

IS THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE MIDDLE EAST A HELP OR HINDRANCE TO DEVELOPMENT?

Emma Carrie

HELP

  • Raw resources
  • Accelerated development - lower death rates
  • Funds for investment - e.g. Persian Gulf coastline (industry), water resources (dams etc.)

CLIMATE

HELP

DISCOVERY OF OIL

MOUNTAINS

  • Protection
  • Advantageous to defenders
  • NAtrual barrier between empires
  • Trading with lowlands (Taurus and Zagros, steppes) helped keep peace

HINDRANCE

HELP

HINDRANCE

Sources:

Cairo Review, Hooshang Amirhmadi

ifimes.org

Britannica

Graham Chapman: "The Changing Geography of Africa and the Middle East"

W.B. Fisher: "The Middle East"

JSTOR: C.G. Smith

G.H. Blake

J.A. Allan

David A. Andelman/Damien Glez

Bruce L. Kuniholm

HINDRANCE

  • Saudi Arabia – extent of desert prevented it from being conquered
  • Nomads able to use their resources sustainably
  • Lack of water - over-irrigation leads to poor farmland. Water undervalued?
  • Small proportin of land is naturally cultivable - food shortages.
  • Nomadic – raiding, kinship, desertification. Attempts to settle nomads have limited success
  • Land reform – landless peasants
  • Iran - unnavigable rivers led to tribalism
  • Recent climate change? Evidence of wetter period
  • Oil dependence - led to class divides
  • US was a strong power in the region - now may draw out as shale/gas alternatives to oil in Middle East
  • Lack of agricultural funding
  • Rapid urbanisation - shanty towns, unemployment, spread of disease
  • Kirkuk oil field part of reason for Iraqi oppostion to Kurdistan
  • Cultures have developed separately
  • Repeated conflicts - proximity of tribes
  • Raiding of the steppes

Sources:

ifimes.org

EMP memo

Lecture

JSTOR: G.H. Blake

J.H. Mackinder

Philip Ullgott/Orhon Ilgaz

David A. Andelman/Damien Glez

Marion Newbigin

Bruce R. Kuniholm

Sources:

Maudlin Economics

World Atlas

Geoff Emberling Essay

Britannica

W.B. Fisher "The Middle East"

The Silk Road

JSTOR: J H Mackinder

Sources:

Maudlin Economics

worldatlas.com

Geoff Emberling Essay

Britannica

"Changing Geography of Africa and The Middle East"

W.B Fisher "The Middle East

JSTOR: Hussein A Amery

C.G. Smith

Douglas L Johnson

J.A. Allan

Munther J. Haddadin

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