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Is justified true belief knowledge?
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problem 2: are the conditions
jointly sufficient?
solution 1: strengthening justification
Is Justified true belief knowledge?
Review tripartite theory
of knowledge
Explain the tripartite definition of knowledge with reference to necessary and sufficient conditions.
problem 1:
are the three conditions individually necessary?
Justification
What counts as adequate justification?
Truth
If you know something, it must be true.
But sometimes we claim to know something that turns out to be false.
Can you think of examples?
However, if our beliefs don't correspond to reality, they can't be considered true. Truth is the objective component of knowledge: a justified false belief can't be considered knowledge.
Example
It would be contradictory for astronomers to say they knew Pluto was a planet and that they now know Pluto is not a planet.
It makes more sense to argue that they had a false belief Pluto was a planet but now know it isn't.
Belief
Can you know something but not believe it?
1. Suppose Walter comes home after work to find out that his house has burned down. He utters the words "I don't believe it". Critics of the belief condition might argue that Walter knows that his house has burned down (he sees that it has), but, as his words indicate, he does not believe it. Therefore, there is knowledge without belief. (From Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.)
2. Colin Radford’s example:
Suppose Albert is quizzed on English history. One of the questions is: When did Queen Elizabeth die? Albert doesn't think he knows, but answers the question correctly. Moreover, he gives correct answers to many other question to which he didn't think he knew the answer. Let us focus on Albert's answer to the question about Elizabeth:
(E) Elizabeth died in 1603.
Radford makes the following two claims about this example:
(a) Albert does not believe (E). Reason: He thinks he doesn't know the answer to the question. He doesn't trust his answer because he takes it to be a mere guess.
(b) Albert knows (E). Reason: His answer is not at all just a lucky guess. The fact that he answers most of the questions correctly indicates that he has actually learned, and never forgotten, the basic facts of English history.
Since he takes (a) and (b) to be true, Radford would argue that knowledge without belief is indeed possible.
Both examples are referring to belief as a state of mind.
However, it makes no sense to say I know Paris is the capital of France but I don't believe it.
Therefore, belief must be a necessary condition of knowledge.
solution 3:
replace a condition
Reliabilism: replace justification with 'formed through a reliable cognitive process'.
Virtue epistemology: replace justification with 'formed using intellectual virtues'.
How damaging is Gettier?
Ernest Sosa on knowledge
Gettier problems
infallibilism
solution 2: adding a condition
No false lemma