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Great Powers reaction to Lumumba

United States

United Nations

  • Lumumba was seen as a threat CIA was instructed under Eisenhower to overthrow him and find another leader
  • Lumumba perceived as “ a danger” to the political position of US in Africa
  • CIA also planned anti-Lumumba campaigns
  • In fact, According to Alan James, the US had “quickly, and wisely rejected” Lumumba’s call for help. Furthermore, Pres. Eisenhower was on vacation when he visited Washington. This made him turn to the Soviet Union for assistance.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_Eisenhower_movement

Decolonization of Congo

Belgium

  • SGs Dag Hammarskjold was not fond of Lumumba
  • Saw him as a serious threat!
  • Addressed the situation in Congo as urgent, as a possible violation of “Law and Order”

  • Lumumba’s speech as a disregard to the Belgian King
  • Interest in Congo’s booming economy
  • Sent Belgian troops to help Tshombe’s secession

Soviet Union

Thesis

Britain

  • was ready to offer help as an alternative to US and the UN
  • He  admired Lumumba’s leadership;  thus supported the UN mission to bring about unity in Congo and remove Belgian troops off Katanga prov. --- A.J [p. 56]
  • He wanted the UN, and the world, to respect the Leader’s wishes and Congo’s newly attained sovereignty
  • he was also deeply saddened by the death of Lumumba. In response, he personally attacked UNsg Hammarskjold to have direct responsibility in this death. He also threatened Soviet’s disassociation with the UN if Hammarskjold was not dismissed

The interests of the great powers played a great role in decolonization of Congo and the conflicts that sparked in the process of her independence.

1st Democratic Election

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev

Congolese Round Table Conference 1960

Brits undermined the Belgians ability in contributing to Congo’s order Brit was worried on Soviet’s and communism effects on her interest in Congo feared that Congo would be the “arena” for Cold War thus had, “overriding concern for law and order on her attitude to the communist threat in the Congo” wanted “ ‘a government which will keep order and prevent a Communist take over’ ” furthermore, thought of Lumumba as a threat to the West/Britain economic interests and Western ideological interests he felt obliged to support the US-Led July 1960 UN mission in the Congo  

  • 22 May 1960
  • Results
  • Joseph Kasavubu as President
  • Patrice-Emery Lumumba as Prime Minister

  • Katanga, under the leadership of Moishe Tshombe

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan

  • or Round Table Conference in Brussels
  • 2 meetings, Jan20-Feb20 and April 26-May16
  • composed Congolese political class and chiefs and Belgian political and business leaders

https://archive.org/details/TheBelgo-congoleseRoundTable

Pre-Independence

Early Stages of Independence

Aftermath of Lumumba’s death

Influences:

  • Belgian
  • Brussels Universal Exhibition

  • Cold War
  • United States
  • Soviet Union

Patrice Lumumba

http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/cd-zr.html

Katanga Coup

James, Alan. Britain and the Congo Crisis, 1960-63. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan ;, 1996. 1-219. Print.

Kelly, Sean. America's Tyrant: The CIA and Mobutu of Zaire : How the United States Put Mobutu in Power, Protected Him from His Enemies, Helped Him Become One of the Richest Men in the World, and Lived to Regret It. Washington, D.C.: American UP, 1993. 1-273. Print.

Covington-Ward, Yolanda. 2012. Joseph kasa-vubu, ABAKO, and performances of kongo nationalism in the independence of congo. Journal of Black Studies 43, (1): 72-94

Gibbs, David N. 1995. Political parties and international relations: The united states and the decolonization of sub-saharan africa. The International History Review 17, (2): 306-327

Rubbens, A. 1959. Belgian congo. Civilisations 9, (2): 245-250

Kaplan, Lawrence S. 1967. The united states, belgium, and the congo crisis of 1960. The review of politics 29, (2): 239-256

Iandolo, Alessandro. 2014. Imbalance of power: The soviet union and the congo crisis, 1960–1961. Journal of Cold War Studies 16, (2): 32-55

  • Mobutu eliminated opposition to win the election in 1970
  • In 1977, invaders from Angola calling themselves the Congolese National Liberation Front pushed into Shaba (Katanga)

  • not a Marxist nor a Communist
  • lead Movement Nationale Congolais (MNC)
  • joined the congress in Luluabourg in April 1959
  • imprisoned in November 1959 and released on January 1960

http://www.okayafrica.com/photos/patrice-lumumba-photos/#slide2

Lumumba’s death: 17 January 1961

Riot on January 4, 1959

National Coup

  • installation of prime ministers in creating pro-Western regime
  • Change in US government, Kennedy takes over office in January 20, 1961

  • Mobutu orchestrated another coup d’état on November 25, 1965
  • The United States gave Mobutu well over a billion dollars in civilian and military aid during the three decades of his rule; European powers- especially France-contributed more.”

http://www.alternatehistory.com/discussion/showthread.php?t=300288

https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/congo-decolonization

Alliance Babunga

Sanchari Barua

Kim Cuadra

http://www.newsweek.com/worlds-greatest-spy-capers-72965

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