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Northern Ireland Conflict - The Troubles

Levels of conflict, warring factions and their aims

General facts

Religious level

Protestants (majority)

Catholics (minority)

Irish ancestors

Ethnical Level

British ancestors

loyalists/unionists

Republicans/nationalists

Political/territorial level

What was the conflict about? The constitutional status of Northern Ireland: Should it remain within the UK, or should it become part of the Republic of Ireland?

Armed conflict: More than 3,500 killed, over 50,000 injured

When? From about 1968 to 1998

Where? Northern Ireland, sometimes also the whole UK

Warring factions

IRA, Sinn Féin

several paramilitary groups and state forces

Aim

Remain with the UK

United independent Ireland

August 1998: Omagh bomb of the Real IRA

March 24th 1972: Suspension of the Northern Ireland Parliament

August 1969: Battle of the Bogside

1985: Anglo-Irish Agreement

1919

1949

1922

1967

kills over 29 people -> undermines peace process

• English Prime Minister decides to suspend the unionist

dominated NI parliament

-> direct rule by a secretary of state

Sinn Féin declare independence from Britain

Civil war between the IRA and the National Army

• loyalist parade passed through the nationalist Bogside area

• caused two days of rioting and violence in NI

• for the first-time troops were called in

The government of the Republic of Ireland gets a consultative role in NI issues

-> step towards peace

Negotiations about peace are tried to be set up

Ireland is declared a free republic

-> exit from Commonwealth of Nations

Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA) was founded

Catholics:

majority pleased

Protestants:

feel betrayed

legacy of the Troubles

re-establishing of the government is failed

History of Ireland before the conflict (432-1867)

split society:

  • unresolved killings
  • political system based on Agreement
  • lack of social interaction

1980

1970

1990

2000

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

What can be done?

1970s to 1990s: Spiral of violence

April 1998: Good Friday Agreement

October 5th, 1968: Civil rights march in Londonderry

Internment, the following years from 1971

1937

1955

1921

Over 2,000 people arrested without trial

  • power is shared between unionists and nationalists
  • conflict with political means, not weapons
  • ratified in a referendum

• The moment the Troubles began

• Organized by the (NICRA) -> supported Catholics

• clashes with the police

“guerrilla war”

also civilians aim of attacks,

e.g. pub bombings 1974

-> political pressure

New constitution: the Irish Free State is named Republic of Ireland

Bloody Sunday, 30th of January 1972, Derry (Bogside)

Ireland becomes the Irish Free State, Northern Ireland is established as part of the UK

=> real peace or just absence of violence?

Republic of Ireland becomes part the United Nations

• protest against internment

• demonstrators were fired upon by British troops

-> 13 people shot dead

Peace?

sources:

http://www.ducksters.com/geography/country/ireland_history_timeline.php

http://www.theirishstory.com/2015/02/09/the-northern-ireland-conflict-1968-1998-an-overview/#.WqUivbM8btQ

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ulster-Defence-Association

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ulster-Volunteer-Force-Northern-Ireland-1966

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Royal-Ulster-Constabulary#ref797931

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Regiment

http://www.ducksters.com/geography/country/ireland_history_timeline.php

http://www.theirishstory.com/2015/02/09/the-northern-ireland-conflict-1968-1998-an-overview/#.WqUivbM8btQ

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/troubles

http://www.theirishstory.com/2015/02/09/the-northern-ireland-conflict-1968-1998-an-overview/#.WqbVTOciHIU

https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/northernireland/11610345/Timeline-of-Northern-Ireland-Troubles-from-conflict-to-peace-process.html

https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/mar/08/northern-ireland-timeline

http://www.museumoffreederry.org/content/bloody-sunday

https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/heath-was-ahead-of-his-time-in-approach-to-north-1.470062

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/4692189.stm

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/ni1965_85/5stormont1.shtml

https://www.britannica.com/event/Anglo-Irish-Agreement

http://education.niassembly.gov.uk/post_16/snapshots_of_devolution/gfa

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-belfast-agreement

http://www.thedetail.tv/articles/dealing-with-the-past-and-tackling-division-in-education-ni-s-next-big-test

https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/05/opinion/the-troubles-are-back.html

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