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ORAL LITERATURE
History of Salawikain
Proverbs are called salawikain or sawikain in Tagalog or sarsarita in Ilocano. Like most proverbs the world over, Philippine proverbs contain sayings which prescribes norms, imparts a lesson or simply reflects standard norms, traditions and beliefs in the community. Professor Damiana Eugenio classifies Philippine proverbs into six groups according to subject matter. These are:
EXAMPLES:
1. Matibay ang walis, palibhasa'y magkabigkis.
Meaning: People gain strength by standing together.
2. Mahirap gisingin ang nagtutulog-tulugan.
Meaning: While it is easy to tell people something they do not know, it is much harder if they are willfully choosing not to see what is before them.
5. Bagong hari, bagong ugali.
Meaning: New leadership always brings new ways.
PINYA
MATA
BIBIG
Dr. Damiana Eugenio, a renowned Filipina folklorist, says there is still no universally accepted definition of the word "folklore". But any bit of knowledge handed down from generation to generation, which describes or depicts the beliefs and lifestyle of the ancestors of a chosen ethnic group, is rendered unique to that group, and is respected as folklore.
Folklore is usually transmitted by word of mouth. Oral traditions are very common among the indigenous tribes still existent in the Philippines. What students of folk literature do, basically, is transcribe and interpret what is related to them by the storytellers of a tribe. The preservation of the knowledge of our elders can be carried out in many ways, and they are not inaccessible to anyone who would seek them.
BUGTONG
It began before the Spanish came on the Philippine shores. It was used as a form of entertainment for the Filipinos, and they would even gather in the dead of night and share their own "bugtongs" and take turns answering. The Bugtong was born as tools that the old and wise use as a poetic and indirect form to tell the youth.
Examples:
1. Isang prinsesa, punong-puno ng mata.
2. Dalawang batong maitim, malayo ang dinarating.
3. Isang balong malalim, punong-puno ng patalim.
The stages of that prehistory show how the early Filipinos grew in control over their environment. Through the researches and writings about Philippine history, much can be reliably inferred about precolonial Philippine literature from an analysis of collected oral lore of Filipinos whose ancestors were able to preserve their indigenous culture by living beyond the reach of Spanish colonial administrators.
(1) proverbs expressing a general attitude towards life and the laws that govern life;
(2) ethical proverbs recommending certain virtues and condemning certain vices;
(3) proverbs expressing a system of values;
(4) proverbs expressing general truths and observations about life and human nature;
(5) humorous proverbs and
(6) miscellaneous proverbs.