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The nucleolus is the round granular structure found inside if the nucleus. It contains the DNA templates for ribosomal RNA. The nucleolus is critical in protein synthesis.
The cell membrane is a structure made up of a phospholipid bilayer along with multiple transporter proteins. The phospholipids and proteins make up what is known as the fluid mosaic of the cell membrane. This means that they are able to move around the membrane in whatever direction. The membrane forms a protective layer between the cytoplasm and the outside of the cell. The cell membrane's main function is to protect the cell from its surroundings and control traffic into and out of the cell. It can do this because of a semi-permeable membrane, which is permeable to some substances but not to others. Other substances have to travel through specific transporter proteins in the membrane, which also only allow certain proteins to pass through them.
The endoplasmic reticulum is a system of interconnected vesicular and lamellar cytoplasmic membranes. There are two parts to the endoplasmic reticulum, which are the rough ER and the smooth ER. The rough ER is considered rough because it is studded with ribosomes, while the other region is considered smooth because it does not have ribosomes. It extends into the nucleur membrane, runs through the cytoplasm, and can also extend into the cell membrane. The function of the rough ER is to manufacture membranes and secretory proteins, while the smooth ER is involved in carbohydrate and lipid synthesis, along with helping in the transport of materials made in the rough ER.
The ribosomes are molecules that consist of RNA and Protein. Each are a single molecule composed of two subunits. By working together, these two subunits work together to construct different amino acids based on the mRNA sequence that is read by the ribosome. Ultimately, these amino acids are built together so that they form a strand. Once this strand has been completed, it releases from the ribosome.
The lysomes are any of a number of organelles that contain various digestive enzymes. They are primarily used for digestion and removal of old organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses and bacteria.
The nucleus is the large, membrane-bound organelle that contains the genetic material for the cell, organized into large structures called chromosomes. It is essential in all eukaryote cells for the purposes of reproduction and protein synthesis. It is composed of nucleoplasm and nucleoprotein-rich network, all encased within a definite membrane.
The mitochondria is the organelle in which the processes of respiration and energy production occur. It has a double membrane, the inner layer being folded inward to form multiple layers. This is where the cell's ATP is made.
The Golgi Apparatus is an organelle made up of a series of membraneous saccules and associated vesicles that are responsible for "packaging" proteins before they are sent off, transporting lipids around the cell, and the creation of lysosomes.