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Transcript

Literary Elements

Passages

Foreshadowing: a warning or indication of a future event, conflict: a problem between one or more opposing forces, and irony: what you don't expect to happen happens.

Foreshadowing was displayed in this chapter because of Jem, Scout, and Dill sneaking out the night before, it was known that they were going to sneak out to go to the courthouse and see the actions of the trial.

Conflict was applied in this chapter when Aunt Alexandra confronted Atticus about talking about white people's prejudice against black people in front of Calpurnia during breakfast. Atticus tells Aunt Alexandra that Cal is part of the family and he can say anything around her.

Passage 1 (pg. 157)

- "I thought Mr. Cunningham was a friend of ours, you told me a long time ago he was."

"He still is."

"But last night he wanted to hurt you."

Atticus placed his fork beside his knife and pushed his plate aside. “Mr. Cunningham’s basically a good man,” he said, “he just has his blind spots along with the rest of us.”

Jem spoke. “Don’t call that a blind spot. He’d a killed you last night when he first went there.”

“He might have hurt me a little,” Atticus conceded, “but son, you’ll understand folks a little better when you’re older.”

Passage 2 (pg. 161)

-“Jem,” I asked, “what’s a mixed child?”

“Half white, half colored. You’ve seen ‘em Scout. You know that red- kinky-headed one that delivers for the drug-store. He’s half white. They’re real sad.”

“Sad, how come?”

“They don’t belong anywhere. Colored folks won’t have ‘em because they’re half white; white folks won’t have ‘em ‘cause they colored, so they’re just in-betweens, don’t belong anywhere.”

These two passages are very important to the context of the chapter and the novel. These passages demonstrate one of the major themes present in this novel- prejudice. Prejudice is defined as unreasonable feelings, opinions, or attitudes, especially of a hostile nature, regarding a racial, religious, or national group. If we look at the first passage, we’ll observe that the issue of prejudice is alluded to by Atticus when he is speaking to Jem, referring to it as a “blind spot”. Jem, still being too young to understand, does not catch on. In this passage Atticus explains how no matter how good a person can be we all have our “blind spots”. In this case, it would be Mr. Cunningham to colored people. In the second passage, the issue of prejudice is further examined when Jem explains to Scout the situation of mixed children. It seems that they are out of place in Maycomb, neither white nor black people want to deal with them for whatever prejudice they have- whether it be to white people or black people. These passages continue the reader’s examination of the prejudice and racism that is present in Maycomb. They successfully help get the point across that these are two very big and common issues in Maycomb. With these two issues being very big in Maycomb, we can make possible conclusions as to how the Tom Robinson case will turn out in the further chapters of the novel.

Irony was present in this chapter when finding out that Atticus was appointed to defend Tom Robinson for this case, instead of wanting to defend him. We find out that more people are upset that Atticus is actually going to defend him, rather than having to. Scout doesn't understand why Atticus didn't tell the kids that he had to defend Tom before getting harassed by people.

Theme

In this chapter we explore the theme of how even the most kindest of people can have their own prejudices. We see this in the case of Mr. Cunningham who Jem and Scout know Atticus takes liking to. When Scout asks Atticus why did Mr. Cunningham confront him with all those other men the night before, Atticus explains that he has his "blind spots" just like any other person. This "blind spot" Atticus mentions clearly represents prejudice.

Vocabulary

She was now standing akimbo, her shoulders drooping a little, her head cocked to one side, her glasses winking in the sunlight.

We asked Miss Maudie to elucidate: she said Miss Stephanie seemed to know so much about the case she might as well be called on to testify.

Akimbo- with hands on hips: with the hands on the hips and the elbows turned outward

Judge Taylor looked like most judges I had ever seen: amiable, white-haired, slightly ruddy-faced, he was a man who ran his court with an alarming informality-he sometimes propped his feet up, he often cleaned his fingernails with his pocket knife.

Elucidate- explain something: to explain or clarify something

Amiable- having or showing pleasant, good-natured personal qualities; affable: an amiable disposition

Plot Summary

At the beginning of the chapter Scout sleeps with Jem because she was upset that everyone was against Atticus. When they wake up they are told not to leave the yard for the day. Dill is happy and excited because there are rumors going around about what happened the night before and they made the three of them look likes heroes. Scout and Jem now dislike the Cunninghams and Scout wants to beat up Walter but Atticus tells the kids to forget about it and don't hold a grudge. Along with most of Maycomb, Jem, Scout, and Dill go to the court house to watch the trial. Before going inside they notice Mr. Dolphus Raymond, a white man, who likes black people, has a black wife, and has several biracial children. Jem feels bad for the children because they can't be accepted by black or white people. Scout find out that Atticus was actually appointed to defend Tom which confuses her because Atticus never told them this information, which could have saved them from earlier embarrassment. Jem and Dill get separated from Scout during the chaos of so many people being in the court house. By the time Jem and Dill find Scout all the seats are taken so they sit with Reverend Sykes and the other black people in the balcony seats.

Conclusion

Conclusion

Chapter 16 of the novel is without a doubt very important to how the rest of the novel unfolds. In this chapter we learn more about the racial situation that is present in Maycomb. We learn about the issue that mixed children face of rejection and out of placement. In this chapter we see Atticus actually talk to Jem about the issue of prejudice that people usually succumb to when we mature. On top of all this the first public hearing for the Tom Robinson case officially begins toward the end of the chapter. From this chapter we learn more about the segregation in Maycomb- as we see that white people and black people are clearly separated in the town square with the exception of one person- Mr. Dolphus Raymond. The events that occurred in this chapter definitely set the stage up for further chapters concerning the Tom Robinson case.

To Kill a Mockingbird Chapter 16 Presentation

Over all we learned more information needed to see the actions of the trial.

By Lena Bullock

Destiny Durante

and

Joseph Diaz

- Because during this time they were harshly criticized. They didn't have anywhere to go because they were half white and half black. The Black people wouldn't accept them because they were part white and white people wouldn't accept them because they were part black

This chapter introduced the beginning of the Tom Robinson trial. In this chapter we learn more about Atticus and his defending Tom Robinson, Mr Dolpus, the jury, and the judge.

Chapter Introduction

3) Even though Atticus was appointed to defend Tom why do people still attack him and his children?

2) Why does Scout start to cry in the beginning of the chapter?

1) Why does Jem say half white half black kids are sad?

Questions

-Scout begins to cry because she realizes that she prevented the gang of men from hurting Atticus. When she lays down she finally notices that they were threatening Atticus and if they hadn't come along something could have happened

-Because even though he was appointed to defend Tim he aimed to defend him meaning that he wants to. People don't like this because they don't want Atticus to defend a "nigger."

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