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Conclusions

  • Forging a nation in exile.
  • The exile, a blessing in disguise.
  • The exile, the 8th Province.
  • From ethnic to civic nationalism.
  • Christian democracy and the European Federal Movement.
  • The appearence of ETA: The stablishment of two different version of nationalism.
  • Internal exile and violence.

Lectura Tesi doctoral:

Forging nation from exile: International recognition, political alignment and ideological constraints in Basque nationalisms (1956-1977)

Doctoranda: Aurora Madaula i Giménez

Juliol 2017

Parts of Thesis

1.- The World Basque Congress (1956)

2.- Manuel Irujo in Munich. The IV Conferences of the European Movement ( 1962)

3.- Manuel Irujo vs Eli Gallastegi and ETA in the evolution of the radical Basque nationaism. From "ecumenical therapy" to "Patriots and Hooligans". (1962)

4.- The Burgos Trial (1970) . The trial from exile.

5.- The end of the "Eighth province"? The end of the exile and the evolution of Basque traditional nationalism. (1977)

Plantejament i estat de la qüestió

  • Cronologia: 1956-1977

Plutarc / Plutarch's approach

  • Manca d'estudis del periode cronològic

Benedicció amarga / Blessing in disguise

L'exili com a refugi / Exile as a refuge

  • Manuel Irujo Ollo

Manuel Irujo Ollo (1891- 1981)

Methodology

Archives visited:

  • Sabino Arana Fundazioa
  • Euskadiko Artxibo Historikoa
  • Lazkaoko Beneditarren Fundazioa
  • Koldo Mitxelena Cultural Center
  • Center for Basque Studies (University of Nevada, Reno)
  • National Archives for Records Administration (NARA)
  • Pavelló de la República (Universitat de Barcelona )
  • Archives: Primary sources
  • Oral sources
  • Books and articles: Secondary sources

Hypotheses

  • Is it possible to forge an develop a nation being in the exile?
  • Is the exile a blessing in disguise, a refuge, for Basque nationalism?
  • Can Basque nationalism in exile be considered as the "eighth province" of the Basque political national imaginary?
  • Has Basque nationalism developed from ethnic to civic nationalism?
  • Which are the political patterns followed by Basque nationalisms?
  • Which are the strategies followed to get international recognition of Basque nationalism?
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