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Types of Satire

Parody

SATIRE

A humorous imitation of serious works.

Vices and Follies

Satirist often criticize society's

"Seven Deadly Sins"

A literary genre in which behaviors or institutions are ridiculed for the purpose of improving society. What sets satire apart from other forms of social and political protest is humor.

Greed

Envy

Gluttony

Lust

Pride/ Arrogance/ Hubris

Sloth

Wrath

Juvenalian

Horatian

Although satire is usually meant to be humorous, it’s greater purpose is to expose humanity’s vices and foibles, using wit as a weapon and a tool as a means of inspiring societal change or reform.

Menippean

Double Entendre

Puns

Innuendo

Hyperbole

A construction capable of conveying a double meaning in a single word item, which is likely to be employed in satire, since multiple meanings form the basis of much of satire.

Any construction capable of conveying a double meaning is likely to be employed in satire, since multiple meanings form the basis of much of satire.

Hyperbole is simply an exaggeration of any given topic. Making a small blemish bigger or a hidden vice or folly larger in order to make it visible is one of the best ways to point out its existence to the audience or to the target itself.

Caricature

A picture or description that ludicrously exaggerates the peculiarities or defects of persons or things.

An allusive or oblique remark or hint, typically a suggestive or disparaging one.

Innuendos are a valuable tool for the satirist because it allows him to implicate a target by a completely indirect attack. This is especially useful when the target is dangerous, for it is often possible to deny the insinuation.

Juvenalian Satire

Horatian Satire

  • A more contemptuous and abrasive satire than the Horatian.
  • Juvenalian satire addresses social evil through scorn, outrage, and savage ridicule.
  • Often pessimistic, characterized by irony, sarcasm, moral indignation, and personal invective, with less emphasis on humor.
  • Strongly polarized political satire is often Juvenalian.

Playfully criticizes some social vice through gentle, mild, and light-hearted humor. It directs wit, exaggeration, and self-deprecating humor toward what it identifies as folly, rather than evil.

Menippean

Overstatement

Understatement

Resembles Juvenal's ideas on satire; however, it lacks the focus of a primary target. Rather than a single target, it takes a scattergun approach, combining many different targets of ridicule into a fragmented satiric narrative.

Often employing the use of hyperbole to emphasize the point the author is trying to make.

Irony

Expressing an idea with less emphasis or in a lesser degree than is the actual case. The opposite of hyperbole. Understatement is employed for ironic emphasis.

Irony is contrast or discrepancy between expectation and reality.—between what is said and what is really meant, between what is expected and what really happens, or between what appears to be true and what really is true.

Candide

  • Candide, the story's protagonist, is a young naive person who is a faithful "optimist."
  • A student of Pangloss.
  • Pangloss believed that this world is "the best possible of worlds."
  • Pangloss is a hyperbole of the optimistic philosophers during the Enlightenment.
  • Pangloss's philosophy is tested after Candide is exiled after kissing a woman of noble class.

What to expect in Candide

Voltaire

What exactly is "optimism?"

Is it possible to ever be "too optimistic?"

1694-1778

1. Verbal

2. Situational

3. Dramatic

Irish Patriot

What happens to a young man who is raised with royalty and mentored by a "philosophical genius" when he finds him forced into a military.?

A Modest Proposal

Keep an eye out for verbal and situational irony throughout this excerpt.

  • Used satire to bring attention to the oppression, prejudice, corruption, and religious intolerance in France.
  • Known for as an advocate for human rights.
  • Exiled from France in 1726.
  • Fled to England
  • Viewed England as an "enlightened society" with a great tolerance for individuality
  • He was an open advocate for England.
  • People viewed Voltaire as critical of the French government.
  • Angered by the way England tyrannized Ireland.
  • English considered the Irish inferior.
  • How might this influence Irish-born Swift's satire?
  • Respected by Irish Catholics AND Protestants.

Jonathan Swift

  • Swift identifies a problem in Ireland:
  • Ireland's poor are leading wretched lives
  • He offers a proposal for relieving this burden, decreasing the population, finding a new source of food, and curbing begging.

1667-1745

"The pen is mightier than the sword."

Swift wielded his pen like a rapier, using it to slash away at injustice.

Read _A Modest Proposal_ with a careful eye examining how Swift ridicules his society's treatment of its less fortunate members.

  • Considered the greatest satirist in the English language"
  • Has a genuine outrage at man's inhumanity toward man.
  • Swift often raged at the arrogance, phoniness, and shallowness he saw infecting contemporary intellectual and moral life.
  • Was a clergyman and political writer; however, he became disenchanted with compromises and manipulations of politics.

Verbal Irony

Situational Irony

Dramatic Irony

When a writer or speaker says one thing but really means something quite different—often the opposite of what is said.

When what actually happens is the opposite of what is expected or appropriate.

When the audience knows something that a character in the play or story does not.

Soliloquies often provide dramatic irony because the other characters are not aware of that character is saying to the audience.

Sarcasm

A sharply mocking or contemptuous remark.

Verbal Irony + Mocking/Mean Attitude = Sarcasm

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