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Arts & Culture

Hitler

Arts & culture

Mao

- Hated the modernist styles & preferred traditional art forms

- Used traditional culture as a propagandist tool

Themes:

  • ‘Blood and soil’: pure Aryan blood of German people and their struggles with the soil
  • Anti-feminism
  • Anti-Semitism
  • Sense of dominance
  • Fuhrerpinzip

Ian Kershaw: “The Hitler cult became the pivot of the propaganda effort;…The final ‘goal’ (of Nazism)…could only be reached by blindly following the Fuhrer”

  • Ordered writers and artists to educate the mass
  • Traditional Chinese art had to follow more modern Soviet-inspired art
  • Literary works were censored
  • News media was centralised

The Little Red Book:

  • Quotations from Mao: class struggle and ‘correcting mistaken ideas’

- By 1970: China was an artistic wasteland.

Arts& cultural life-Similarities

Education

Hitler

Aim: control the youth of Germany

Hitler Youth:

  • Train boys for war
  • Train girls for motherhood
  • Encouraged children to spy on their parents

  • Changed the curriculum of German
  • Eugenics--> achieving goal of ensuring ‘1000years old German Reich’

Result:

  • successful--->literary rate was increased

Education

Mao

  • Based on: liberal ideas
  • Only 1 in 10 Chinese could read

Method:

  • Schools were set up
  • Chinese characters were simplified

Results:

- School became centres for indoctrination,

- Deng XiaoPing: “hardly any Chinese could read or write”

Education-Similarities

Target: Youth

Germany:

- Hitler Youth

- The league of German Maidens

China:

- Youth League: age 14-28

- Youth Pioneers: age 6-14

Economic Policy

Economic Policies Similarities

Hitler

Aim:

  • Reduce unemployment
  • Expand German military
  • Regain territorial losses as a result of Treaty of Versailles

Social Policy

Method:

  • Started a state-run public program
  • Conscription
  • Four-Year Plan 1936
  • The New Plan 1934

Women

Mao

Result:

  • Government income: 10billion Reichsmark in 1928---->15billion Reichsmark in 1939

Attitude towards Capitalism

Richard Overy: "This was based on Hitler’s desire to turn Germany into an economic and military superpower before the rest of the world caught up."

Hitler

  • “Women hold up half the sky”.

Changes:

  • Marriage Law 1950
  • Election Law 1953

Negative results:

  • Double burden: mother and workers
  • 13% of the party membership in 1954-75

  • Against

Mao:“It is a very good thing, and a significant one too, to exterminate the bourgeoisie and capitalism in China.”

Minorities

Mao

Religion

Hitler

Mao

Political Policy

  • Large-scale firms remained independent of Nazi control
  • Private capitalist individuals owned their production, controlled by the Nazi party
  • Capitalism over Marxism

Mao

Political Policy

  • Religion: Confucianism, Buddhism, Islam, Christianity
  • Closure of churches, temples, shrines, monasteries
  • Expelled foreign priests and missionaries
  • Failed to retain stable relation with Vatican

Minorities:

- Tibetans

- Uighurs

- Hui Muslims

- Mongols

Treatment:

- During revolution (1940s): shifted to "autonomy"

-The Cultural Revolution:

  • 6,000 monasteries were destroyed in Tibet
  • 790,000 people persecuted in Inner Mongolia
  • schools were destroyed and books were burned

Ideology: Nazism

  • Nationalism
  • Fuhrerprinzip: one dictatorship
  • Volksmeinschaft: People's community
  • Social Darwinism
  • Lebensraum: living space

Ideology: peasantry revolution + communism

  • Patriotic Health Movement:
  • Labour camps ‘Laogal’:
  • 10million people were in these camps each year
  • Over 25million prisoners died
  • 100 Flowers Campaign
  • Anti-rightist campaign 1957:
  • 1/2 million were labeled as ‘rightist’ --> persecution.
  • Cultural Revolution

  • Anti-Semitism
  • Anti-democracy
  • Anti-feminism
  • Anti-communism

Aim:

  • Abolish terms of the treaty of Versailles
  • Condemn Weimar republic
  • Conquer land in Europe

Women

Hitler

Economic policy

Religion-Similarities

Mao

- Role: a mother--- bear further Aryans

- 3Ks: Kinder, Kuche, Kirche – (Children, kitchen and church)

Encourage motherhood:

  • Birth control centers were closed
  • Abortion was illegal
  • Maternity benefits:
  • birth grants
  • family allowances
  • interest free loans
  • Honour Cross of German Motherhood
  • Lebensborn (Spring of life project)

Uve Frevert: “The vast majority did not perceive the Third Reich as a women’s hell. Much of what it introduced was doubtless appealing, the rest one learned to accept”.

Hitler

Minorities

Hitler

- Failed to fit the criteria for Volksgenossen-->‘non-Germans’

Religion

Aim:

  • Decentralize economy---“Collective ownership of the means of production”
  • Transform China into a great world power
  • Increase standard of living
  • Protestants & Catholics
  • Cooperated during the consolidation of power (1933-34):
  • E.g. A Concordat between Roman Catholic Church & Nazi
  • Maintained stable relations between Vatican and Nazi
  • Undermine religion:
  • E.g. Protestant churches were merged --> Reich Church

"The people communes are good"

Method:

  • Land Reform 1950
  • Collectivization 1958
  • Great Leap Forward 1958
  • Five-Year plan 1953-57
  • Social Darwinism
  • Aryan 'master race': ‘blue-eyed, white-skinned, fair-haired people’.

Actions:

- Kristallnacht: 1938

- boycott of Jewish shops: April 1933

- Jew Excluded from professions

- Removed Jews from public life

- Holocaust in WW2: extermination of 11-12million people

- Euthanasia Programme 1939-41

“When there is not enough to eat people starve to death. It is better to let half of the people die so that the other half can eat their fill.”---Mao

Women-Similarities

Mao

Hitler

Domestic Policy

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