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they did not resist removal, they signed a treaty in 1832 which said government would provide them with land and protect them but the promise was not kept.
Chickasaws had to pay the Choctaw for the right to live on part of their land
tricked into an illegitimate treaty in 1833
a small faction signed the removal treaty, "The Treaty of New Echota" the leaders of this group were not recognized as official leaders of the Cherokee and so the rest of the Cherokee's led by Chief John Ross signed a petition to protest the removal treaty.
The supreme Court ignored the protest and ratified the treaty in 1836.
They had two years to migrate voluntarily but after that they would be forced out. In 1838 only 2,000 Cherokees had left. The United States Government sent 7,000 troops to forcibly remove the last of the Cherokees. The walk the took to leave was known as the Trail of Tears and thousands of Indians died on this walk
United States expanded into the lower south of North America which was home to the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Creek, Seminole, and Choctaw nations.
White Americans viewed the Indians as a nuisance, in the way of getting cotton land
The Federal Government was pressured by the white settlers to gain the Indian territory.
The Seminoles were forced into signing a removal treaty in 1833 but refused to leave.
Second Seminole War- 1835
Third Seminole War- U.S. military tried to get them out and ended up paying the rest of the Seminoles to leave
The Creeks also refused to leave
They signed a treaty in March 1832 which opened most of Alabama to white settlers but guaranteed the Creeks protected ownership of the remaining portion which was divided among the leading families.
Creeks were cheated out of their land and began stealing livestock from white settlers.
1836- Secretary of War War ordered removal of Creeks as necessary and forced them to leave without a removal treaty.
The Supreme Court made a decision saying "Indians could occupy land in U.S. but could not hold title to those lands because their 'right of occupancy' was less than U.S.'s 'right of discovery'" (pbs).
Creeks, Cherokee, and Chickasaw made policies to resist land sales to the government in order to protect their land.
Most struggles from these five tribes were non-violent
Cherokee adopted a written constitution declaring themselves a sovereign nation
Indian nations were declared sovereign so they could cede their own land.
Georgia did not agree with the Cherokee constitution and viewed them as trespassers and went to the Supreme court which ruled against the Indians
In 1812 the Seminoles heard that a group of Georgians were planning to attack and so the Seminoles attacked the Georgians on their plantations before they could attack them. "This action infuriated the government and as a result, American troops led by Andrew Jackson crossed into Florida and destroyed towns in northern Alachua County." (Seminole Indian History).
Seminoles protected fugitive slaves and when the United States government found out, they took land away from the Seminoles as punishment.
1820
1830
1810
1840
1800
The Cherokees went to the Supreme Court again their appeal was based on an 1830 Georgia Law which forbid whites from living on Indian territory. "State legislature had written this law to justify removing white missionaries who were helping Indians refuse removal" (pbs). Law favored the Cherokees and said they had a right to self govern but both Georgia and President Jackson refused to accept the court's decision.
This outcome highlighted the division between White settlers and Indians,
Andrew Jackson went against a Supreme court's decision only because
viewed Indians as lesser people and an obstacle blocking the way to
new cotton fields. When both the state government and the President of
the United States ignore the Supreme Courts law then it shows how far Jackson
is willing to go in the removal of the Indians.
Jackson negotiated 9 out of 11 treaties which traded the Indian's eastern land with western land.
Indians agreed with these treaties because they wanted to appeal to the U.S. government in hopes of keeping some of their land and for protection from the white settlers.
From the treaties U.S. gained 3/4s of Alabama and Florida
and this was voluntary Indian migration, however only a small number of Creeks, Cherokee and Choctaws actually moved.
President Jackson proposed an Indian removal act called the "Indian Removal Act"
"The Act established a process whereby the President could grant land west of the Mississippi River to Indian tribes that agreed to give up their homelands" (U.S. Department).
The law gave Indians financial and material help when they traveling and settling in the new land. The United States granted the Indians protection when they migrated to the west.
Jackson was then able to bribe, persuade, and even threaten tribes to move away from the southeast.
Choctaws were the first to sign a removal treaty, migrated on the Trail of Tears but quickly settled in their new land.
Some indians stayed but the war department couldn't protect them
Andrew Jackson commanded U.S. military and they defeated a faction of the Creek nation
Battle of Horseshoe Bend
Creeks lost 22 million acres of land
Andrew Jackson viewed this victory a success in removing Indian power and the Indians viewed their loss as a threatening and began to truly understand how power driven the settlers were and how they would not stop until the Indians were gone for good.
PBS. Public Broadcasting Service, n.d. Web. 18 Feb. 2017. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2959.html>.
"Seminole Indian History." Seminole Indian History. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Feb. 2017. <http://funandsun.com/1tocf/seminole/semhistory.html>.
U.S. Department of State. U.S. Department of State, n.d. Web. 18 Feb. 2017. <https://history.state.gov/milestones/1830-1860/indian-treaties>.