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It can be called "grammatical metaphor" and it means that actions and events can be presented as nouns rather than as verbs.
Lexical density refers to the ratio of content words to grammatical or function words within a clause.
In written discourse, content words are tightly packed into individual clauses. On the other hand, in spoken discourse content words tend to be spread out over a number of clauses.
Writing is more explicit than speech, depending on the purpose of the text.
According to one point of view, writing is more complex than speech. However, Halliday argues that spoken discourse has its own kind of complexity.
Speech depends on a shared situation and background for interpretation whereas writing does not.
Personal letters or memos can share context.
There are important differences between spoken and written language which have implications for discourse analysis.
Spoken discourse is often produced spontaneously; moreover, we can see the process of its production. On the other hand, in writing we can just see the final product.
The discourse is shaped by the people who use the words and the medium which is the context.
"I love you"
When we speak or write, we use more than language. We show who we are. Because everything we use such as body language, the way we dress, etc. influence our social identity.
We can play more than one attitude.
As speaking is produced in real time, it uses much more repetition, hesitation and redundancy than in writing.
There is no simple, one-dimensional difference between spoken and written discourse.
Performativity: say something and do it.
The way we speak gives us a social identity.
There are different views on what discourse analysis is.
Everything we construct (written and spoken discourse) is based on something that was already done.
Depending on the context that people are in, they have to interpret what someone says. It is needed to have a certain knowledge about what was said.
It is concerned with how the interpretation of language depends on knowledge of the real world.
It is interested in what people mean by what they say.
It is related with how people organize what they say in a conversation or piece of writing. Consequently, it is related with the culture.
It is connected with how the language is used by different cultural groups.
According to the author, "Discourse analysis" focuses on knowledge about language beyond the word, clause, phrase and sentence that is needed for successful communication. It considers the social and cultural context where the language is used and it examines spoken and written texts.
Apart from knowing the language, it involves what to say to whom and how to say it in a particular situation.
It draws together the notions of:
1. Textual competence: the ability to produce and interpret appropriate texts.
2. Generic competence: how we respond by constructing, interpreting, etc.
3. Social competence: how we use language to take part in the society, to express our social identity.
Student: Jeraldina Neira Baeza.
Teacher: Hector Vega Pinochet.
Course: Discourse Analysis.