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DIGESTION OF A HAM AND CHEESE SANDWICH

Bread- Carbohydrate

Cheese- Fats/Lipid

Ham- Protein

Lettuce- Nucleic Acid

THE DIGESTION OF A HAM

AND CHEESE SANDWICH

MOUTH

TEETH

  • Ingestion starts with the mouth, which receives food

  • Opening of the mouth starts to salivate at the smell of the sandwich

  • Saliva contains salvary amylase, which initiates the breakdown of polysaccharides to simpler carbohydrates

  • While the food is being mechanically broken down, the enzymes in saliva begin to chemically process the sandwich
  • As the sandwich is broken down into smaller components, the teeth tear apart the ham and cheese

  • Teeth tear apart the ham and cheese so that the enzymes from the salivary glands can help break down the food

TONGUE

  • The tongue helps mix the saliva with the now masticated sandwich

  • Saliva chemically breaks down the sandwich's bread into carbohydrates, the ham into protein, the cheese into lipids and the lettuce into nucleic acid

  • Tongue pushes back the the masticated sandwich, now called the bolus toward the back of the throat and into the opening on the esophagus

ESOPHAGUS

  • Hollow tube that moves the consumption of the bolus down from the pharynx to the stomach

  • Bolus is moved down through a series of muscular contractions called peristalsis

  • Peristalsis moves along the gastro intestinal tract

PHARYNX

  • The sandwich is being pushed down by the phrarynx

  • The esophagus branches off the pharynx

EPIGLOTTIS

  • Special flap that flops down over the opening of the windpipe to make sure the food enters the esophagus and not the windpipe

  • The bolus is prevented from traveling down the trachea

STOMACH

Liver

- Keeps blood

- Acts as a gatekeeper to the blood. As the blood from the hepatic portal vein passes through the liver, it removes poisoness substances and detoxifies them.

- Interconversions of nutrients: Carbohydrates from the bread to fat, amino acids (lettuce) to fats and carbohydrates.

- Removes and stores iron and the fat-soluble vitamins iron and the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, K and B12. It makes the plasma proteins and help regulate the quantity of cholesterol in the blood.

- Destroys old red blood cells and in embryoe (of vertebrates), the liver makes red blood cells.

- Production of Bile. Up to 1.5 liters of bile per day. The liver produces urea (deamination of amino acids and excretion of resulting ammonia as urea, uric acid, etc.)

- The liver maintains the blood glucose level at about 0.1%. When insulin is present, any excess glucose present in blood is removed and stored by the liver and glycogen.

  • Acidic environment that churns and mashes all the small parts of the sandwich that came down the esophagus into smaller pieces

  • The gastric juice that comes from the stomach walls, help break down the process of breaking down the sandwich

  • Gastric juice also helps kill bacteria that may have been in the eaten sandwich

The 2 sphincters regulate the movement of food to and from the stomach:

  • Cardiac sphincter

  • Pyloric sphincter

  • When the sphincter contracts the valve closes, when it relaxes the valve opens

Gallbladder

Pancreas

MUCUS & HCL

- Gallbladder attatches to the pancrease

- Is another type of macro organism which produces bile and helps get rid of waste

  • Mucus acts as a thick armor to prevent HCL from harming the tissue inside the stomach burning holes (ulcer)

  • HCL kills most bacterias present in food and activates pepsin

- Secreates insulin and glucagon hormones that help keep the blood glucose level withina normal limits.

- Most pancreatic cells produce pancreatic juice which contains sodium bicarbonate and digestive enzymes for all types of food.

- Pancreatic juice contains hydrolytic enzymes including pancreatic amylase (digests startch - bread to maltose), trypsin (digests protein - ham to peptides), and lipase (digests fat droplets (from cheese) to glycerol and fatty acids).

PEPSINOGEN + HCL + PEPSIN PEPSIN

Sodium Bicarbonate

- Sodium bicarbonate makes the juice highly alkaine (pH - 8.5)

- Neutralizes acid chyme from the stomach, pancreatic amylase, (which digests startch- bread into disaccharides and trisaccharides)

Small Intenstine

Elimination

- Expulsion of indigestible residues from the body.

- The undigested food content and waste products from the sandwich are eliminated. After the protein, carbohydrates, fats, and nucleic acids pass through the small intestine, the undigested material enters the colon, where most water is absorbed. Then the waste is moved through the colon by penistaltic movement of muscled and is stored in the rectum.

- The rectum expands whcih iniates nerve impulses to the spinal cord, and shortly thereafter, the rectal muscles contract, and the anal spincters relax.

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