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Liver
- Keeps blood
- Acts as a gatekeeper to the blood. As the blood from the hepatic portal vein passes through the liver, it removes poisoness substances and detoxifies them.
- Interconversions of nutrients: Carbohydrates from the bread to fat, amino acids (lettuce) to fats and carbohydrates.
- Removes and stores iron and the fat-soluble vitamins iron and the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, K and B12. It makes the plasma proteins and help regulate the quantity of cholesterol in the blood.
- Destroys old red blood cells and in embryoe (of vertebrates), the liver makes red blood cells.
- Production of Bile. Up to 1.5 liters of bile per day. The liver produces urea (deamination of amino acids and excretion of resulting ammonia as urea, uric acid, etc.)
- The liver maintains the blood glucose level at about 0.1%. When insulin is present, any excess glucose present in blood is removed and stored by the liver and glycogen.
Gallbladder
Pancreas
- Gallbladder attatches to the pancrease
- Is another type of macro organism which produces bile and helps get rid of waste
- Secreates insulin and glucagon hormones that help keep the blood glucose level withina normal limits.
- Most pancreatic cells produce pancreatic juice which contains sodium bicarbonate and digestive enzymes for all types of food.
- Pancreatic juice contains hydrolytic enzymes including pancreatic amylase (digests startch - bread to maltose), trypsin (digests protein - ham to peptides), and lipase (digests fat droplets (from cheese) to glycerol and fatty acids).
Sodium Bicarbonate
- Sodium bicarbonate makes the juice highly alkaine (pH - 8.5)
- Neutralizes acid chyme from the stomach, pancreatic amylase, (which digests startch- bread into disaccharides and trisaccharides)
Small Intenstine
Elimination
- Expulsion of indigestible residues from the body.
- The undigested food content and waste products from the sandwich are eliminated. After the protein, carbohydrates, fats, and nucleic acids pass through the small intestine, the undigested material enters the colon, where most water is absorbed. Then the waste is moved through the colon by penistaltic movement of muscled and is stored in the rectum.
- The rectum expands whcih iniates nerve impulses to the spinal cord, and shortly thereafter, the rectal muscles contract, and the anal spincters relax.