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COHESION AND COHERENCE

P16.00

Friday, February 5, 2016

Vol XCIII, No. 311

COHESION

COHESION VS. COHERENCE

Six ways of creating Cohesion

2. Lexis - Lexis is a way of creating cohesion using: synonyms (e.g. "beautiful" for "lovely"); hyponyms and superordinates (e.g. "daffodil", "rose" and "daisy", are all hyponyms of the superordinate "flower"). Lexical chains are created in a text by using words in the same lexical set (e.g. "army", "soldiers", "barracks", "weapons"). These techniques allow for the central themes to be reiterated in a way that avoids monotony for the reader.

1. Substitution - Substitution uses a word/phrase to replace a word/phrase used earlier. For instance "the one(s)" and "the same" can be used to replace nouns (e.g. "I'll have the same."). Verbs can be replaced by "do" (e.g. "The authorities said they had acted, but nobody believed they had done."). In speaking, whole clauses can be replaced by, "so" or "not" (e.g. "I hope so/not.").

Guide questions:

1.Is the composition cohesive?

2.Is the composition coherent?

Six ways of creating Cohesion

3. Conjunction - Conjunction includes listing words such as, "firstly", "next", "lastly"; linkers for addition (e.g. "moreover", "and", "also"); concession (e.g. "but", "however", "despite"); and cause and effect (e.g. "so", "because, "as a result").

4. Ellipsis - Ellipsis is when we omit words because they are understood from the context

(e.g. "John can type and I can [type] too!"

"I don't want to go out, do you?" [want to go out] )

Six ways of creating Cohesion

COHESION VS. COHERENCE

COHERENCE

6. Reference - Reference is a way of creating cohesion using determiners (e.g. "this", "that", "these" and "those"); pronouns (e.g. "him", "them", "me"); possessive pronouns (e.g."your", "their", "hers"); relative pronouns (e.g. "which","who", "whose"). This type of cohesion can also be achieved comparatively with expressions like: "similarly", "likewise", "less".

5. Cohesive Nouns - Cohesive nouns are a kind of lexical reference. They can summarize many words in one (e.g. "attitude", "solution", "difficulty"), and have been called 'umbrella' nouns for this reason (Bailey 2006:150). They are used to signal what is to come (e.g. "the problem to be discussed..."), or can refer back (e.g. "The issue mentioned above...").

Can be achieved by:

Unified Whole

How easy it is to understand in writing.

Connectivity

co·her·ence

ˌkōˈhirəns/

noun

1.

the quality of being logical and consistent.

2.

the quality of forming a unified whole.

co·he·sion

kōˈhēZHən/

noun

the action or fact of forming a united whole.

Let's practice!

  • Orderly organization of sentence.
  • And the proper use of connectives or transitional devices.
  • Methods of organizing ideas.

"Highlight the cohesion used in the passage.

.

Chronological Order

The Life of a Star

The life and death of a star begins somewhere in space. Astronomers claim that a star begins as a cloud of hydrogen and helium. As the cloud moves about it collects bits of dust and more floating gases. Then the cloud begins to warm as more dust and gases are pulled into it. After a long period of time as the cloud becomes denser, heat and friction cause the atoms to explode. That is how a star is born. The star will burn for about ten billion years as it radiates heat and energy. When the hydrogen begins to burn out the star becomes even larger. At this stage, it gives off a lot of light but not much energy. The star may continue to burn brightly but dies when it runs out of hydrogen. This is the life cycle of a star.

Sentences are arranged in the order in which the events occur in narratives, in specific directions and explanation of processes.

Her achievement made her elated, but had left her exhausted. When she had read the title of the task, she knew it was not going to be just another essay, not an easy one at all. Finally, the completed work lay on the counter of the reception [and was] beautifully bound. She would sleep easy at night, [and she would be] no loner troubled by thoughts of its accusing blank pages - the nightmare was over!

Legend:

Cohesive Nouns

Substitution

Conjunction

Reference

Lexis

Ellipsis

Logical Order

Spatial Order

Sentences are arranged from the general to specific (deductive), or vice versa (inductive).

The details are presented in accordance with the nearness or the distance of the subject from the writer. (left to right, top to bottom, etc.)

Her achievement made her elated, but had left her exhausted. When she had read the title of the task, she knew it was not going to be just another essay, not an easy one at all. Finally, the completed work lay on the counter of the reception [and was] beautifully bound. She would sleep easy at night, [and she would be] no longer troubled by thoughts of its accusing blank pages - the nightmare was over!

I could see another building outside the sloping window

Complete the passage below:

Inside this four corners of wall by ENGLIS2 students of section LAC.

On my right _____________________________________________. On my left_________________________________________. In front of me _____________________________________________________________________________. And inside this four corners of wall _________________________________________________.

is a door where we use to enter and exit this room

is my gorgeous classmates and stunning professor that accompanies me to

In today's world, learning has become the key to economic prosperity, social cohesion and personal fulfillment. We can no longer afford to educate the few to think, and the many to do.

David Blunkett

this another journey

STUDENTS AND SOCIAL SERVICE by Rita Rani

Man has three duties: Duty towards God, duty towards parents and duty towards mankind. Students are born to read, to study books to prepare themselves for examinations. The hue and cry of the world and the heat and dust of life generally do not move them. But there are occasions in a nation’s life when normal duties

suspend and normal life does not function. Then the services of students are essential. Students are not separated/isolated from society. They are also social beings like other classes of people. They enjoy the same social benefits, rights and privileges. There is no rose without a thorn and no right without duties. No wonder then that students have certain duties to the society in which they live in.

is where I will learn something new that makes this journey worth it

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