Trascrizione audio Auto-generata
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Hi, this is Mj mccutcheon and I will be talking about Bosnia.
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This is the Bosnian flag you will see on the right, it is yellow, blue and white,
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which are the national colors of Bosnia
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for the introduction,
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Bosnia's full name is Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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The Bosnian region is the northern and central part,
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while Herzegovina is the southern part of the country,
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The capital. Sarajevo lies in the middle of the two
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for geography,
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Bosnia is located in the northern and eastern hemisphere.
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It is part of the balkan peninsula in europe,
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and the main longitude and latitude of Bosnia is 44 degrees north, oops, so sorry,
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And 18° East, it is south of Croatia, north of Montenegro and west of Serbia,
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as you can see here.
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Yeah, so, sorry. Um So that is the map and next is the climate.
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Um So the southwestern part of Bosnia has a mediterranean climate,
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which means that um
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the south stays relatively warm around and does have dry summers,
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but the north and central area has a
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much less stable temperate to continental climate,
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which means that it has minimal to really know dry
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season and has freezing winters with mild to cool summers.
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This is the map you can see of that nice and pretty colorful.
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Next is the landscape and vegetation.
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Central Bosnia is full of forested mountains,
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the northeast of pastureland and the northwest is just a full forest.
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So, because the forest
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kind of
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um are all over. Many types of trees take over the vegetation in Bosnia
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super common ones are pine beech and oak as well as many food cheese,
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specifically plum and pear, but also cherry, apple and others.
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Next is the major landmark slash physical features.
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There are three million rivers in Bosnia as you can see in this picture.
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Um The Bosnia River,
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which is the country's namesake, runs through its capital of Sarajevo Haibo.
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Um the Sava River, which is acts as the northern border
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and the Drina River which acts as part of the eastern border.
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Some other well known ones in the area are the, you know, river,
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the verb this river and the narrative of the river.
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Oh,
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so and then
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this is also a relief map.
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It was
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as you can see um So where it is the darker orange, that is where the mountains are.
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It is
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and this
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is the generic mountain
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Alps.
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Mountain range is covered in forest basically and it runs
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all the way from Croatia into the region of Herzegovina.
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Next is the history.
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It's a short but long one.
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Um Bosnia has a long history of rulers,
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but it did not become an independent country
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until 1992 after the breakup of Yugoslavia.
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So first of all, how did it gain its independence,
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Bosnia and Herzegovina was originally completely ruled by the
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Ottoman Empire from the 15th century until 1878,
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when Austria Hungary began occupying the land as a result of the Treaty of Berlin.
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So although
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the Ottoman Empire officially and legally ruled it. Um Austria Hungary occupied.
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It governed it, stuff like that.
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Um And in 1908, Austria Hungary decided to annex Bosnia Herzegovina,
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making it basically unclaimed land.
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Um in 1918 it was made part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes,
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which was later renamed the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
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And it remains part of that until it's fall in 1991,
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when along with many other Republics of that state chose to become independent.
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The major events.
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So within Bosnia's history,
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there have been two major events directly involving the country.
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The Bosnian crisis and the Bosnian conflict,
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which was ended by the Daytona by the Dayton accords,
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which you will see in the picture on your left,
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The Bosnian crisis of 1908 and 09. So the Bosnian crisis started when
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Austria Hungary did decide to annex the country or the region,
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causing when they did this,
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it caused a lot of tension between Austria Hungary who had allies with Germany
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and Serbia, who was backed by Russia.
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Serbia had wanted Bosnia to be part of what they were trying to create
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named the Greater Serbia,
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would it would allow them access to the sea
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and just overall be a good um
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resource.
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However, um
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so basically they refused to recognize the analyzation, They demanded a portion,
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at least a portion of the next land and is
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Volsky who was the Russian foreign minister at the time,
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had to support it because of quite a lot of anti Hungary
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of anti Austria Hungarian opinion in Russia at the time. However,
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because Austria Hungary was an ally of Germany,
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Russia could not afford to go to war.
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Um They had finally, they had just gotten out of the war with Japan
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and they were still recovering so they could not afford to
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go to the war for the Serbs at that time.
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So Russia finally backed down and recognized
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the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina,
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kind of forcing Serbia to do the same.
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However, this left all of the countries involved with extreme tension.
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Um The Bosnian crisis is one of the many events
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that caused and lead up to World War One.
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Mhm.
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Next is the Bosnian conflict from 1992 to 95.
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The Bosnian conflict started when with the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991.
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Even as they were voting for their independence together,
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the three ethnic groups um within the region,
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we're fighting the Bosniaks, the Serbs and the Croats were all
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um fighting each other.
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Um
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And pretty much as soon as
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They got independence um the Serbs took over
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70% of the land and started an ethnic cleanse
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um killing and terrorizing Bosniaks and Croats,
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and even though the two persecuted groups did not like each other,
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this caused them to reluctantly joined together to try to fight
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the Serbs because they were both being persecuted by them.
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The war ended when the first military action
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um by N A T O was ever taken
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um with the shooting down of Serbian
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more
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aircraft
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um
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in a Bosnian no fly zone.
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Another major event was the Serbian aka
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Massacre, which occurred in 1995, the same year as
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the date the Dayton accords um
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which were held in Dayton Ohio.
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Eventually they said that 51% of the nation would go to Bosniak,
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Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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And 49% of the land would go to Republika Srpska,
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the Serbian led republic
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and those two political regions, such entities still hold today.
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Um, so many
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important people in these two time periods was first of all barren Eloise,
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fun and Marie thought he was the man who
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ruled Austria Hungary
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during the time period when they decided to annex
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Next is
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randy.
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Even Khairuddin Zeke and Ratko Mladic um the
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first being the official leader of the Serbian Bosniaks
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of the Bosnian Serbs serb um
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group and Ratko melodic being who is in the picture that you see
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was the general who carried out
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this Srebrenica massacre in Bosnia in 1995 before the Dayton peace accords.
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Um It was a genocide against Bosniaks and Croats. Um, and it was within a supposed
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to win called safe zone, which they failed to protect
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the next important person is Slobodan Milosovic.
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He was the former president of he is the former President of Yugoslavia
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and then
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Serbia
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and he represented the Bosnian Serbs during the Dayton accords of 1995.
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Um the date in the courts, also
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the event which you see right here happening in this picture.
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Um So next is government very confusing.
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Our government has three presidents and three constitutions.
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The three current presidents
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are who you see on the left and we'll get into their names soon.
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So, first of all is that we need to know the political regions as said before.
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Um There are two political regions in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Here is the map of the breakup of them. And
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um so the Federation of Bosnia, Herzegovina
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and
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Republika Srpska
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each have their own constitution as well
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as the entire country having a constitution,
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which creates the three constitutions as for
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mentioned next is the political system,
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which is a lot, it is a parliamentary republic, which consists of three branches.
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Um
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And then, so first of all, the executive branch,
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um the main rules, there is the chairman of presidency or the president
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um basically at all times, there are three presidents, one a croat,
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one a Bosniak and won a serb too.
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Um
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well, to make sure
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that a political or that an ethnic group is not being targeted, basically,
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they are voted by popularity,
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they each serve a four year term and they rotate every eight months.
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Next is the Chairman of the Council of Ministers, who is the head of government,
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they are appointed by the President and approved by parliament,
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The Council of Ministers is the Cabinet.
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They are nominated by the chairman of the council
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and there
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um and they are appointed by the President and approved by Parliament,
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and the Council of Ministers is the cabinet or Parliament. Um
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They are
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nominated um
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by the chairman of the Council of Ministers.
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Um
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um
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sorry, um the the Council of Ministers is the cabinet,
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so they are nominated by the chairman of the council
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and approved by the state level House of Representatives, which we will get to
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now. The legislative branch consists
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of
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two bicameral parliaments and one unicameral parliament.
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The official country of Bosnia,
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Herzegovina itself has a house of Peoples which consists of,
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mm hmm.
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Mhm.
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Mhm.