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John Krumboltz’s Theory (Happenstance Learning Theory)
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Counseling Goals and steps..cont.
4. Creating opportunities for the client to experience positive reinforcement for behaviors that are considered positive to the client.
5. Creating opportunities for client to adopt positive role models
Counseling Goals and Steps
Counseling Goals and Steps..cont..
Foundation Concepts:
1. Identify and remove irrational beliefs that affect career choice and development
2. Teaching decision-making and other task-approach skills, if these are lacking
3. Expanding the client’s horizons of options by encouraging exploration and real-life experiences
5. Learning and self-observation generalizations are powerful impacted by positive reinforcement and / or positive role models. People learn as they are positively reinforced for their attitudes or behaviors. They also learn as they model the behavior of role models. Counselors can use both positive reinforces and positive role models to shape behaviors of clients.
6. Especially in the 21st century, uncertainty is an acceptable and positive condition. It can be used to catalyze exploration to create opportunities for new learning. Counselors should focus on encouraging exploration and learning in clients rather than on helping them to reach the best solution or choose the “right” major or occupation.
6. Developing appropriate career planning skills (explorations, getting-information, crystallizing choice, weighing options) that move the client towards self-selected goals
7. Assisting the client to accept uncertainty as normal condition and to use it to plan new experiences and capitalize on what Krumboltz calls “happenstance”.
Foundation Concepts:
3. Holding irrational beliefs about career choices and development can serve as a significant barrier to setting goals and making satisfying choices. One significant role of a Counselor is to assist the client to identify these irrational beliefs and combat them.
4. Each individual filters events and information through his or her own self-observation and worldview generalizations. Thus, one’s reality or view of the world is tempered by a personal belief system that has been learned in the environment.
Foundation Concepts:
1. There are four determinants of career choice and development: genetic endowment, environmental conditions and events, instrumental and associative learnings, and knowledge of task approach skills
2. Counselors cannot affect on genetic endowment or environmental conditions, but can impact a client’s future learning experiences and can teach task approach skills, which are cognitive, decision-making skill