Why do you take part in sport?
Write on the board your reasons
for participation...
Motivation
NACH
NAF
Probability of success
Incentive value of success
Trait theory vs Social Learning Theory of personality
Type A personality
Type B personality
Interactionist theory of personality
Seeks challenges
Persistent
Standards important
Not afraid of failure
Optimistic
Confident
Values feedback
Enjoys evaluation
Attributes performance internally
Approach behaviour
Avoids challenges
Likes an ‘easy life’
Gives up easily
Dislikes evaluation
Pessimistic
Low confidence
Attributes failure externally
Outcome orientated
Dislikes responsibility
Avoidance behaviour
Task difficulty (Probability of success/failure)
The incentive value of success
WHAT IS SPORT SPECIFIC ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION?
Achievement Motivation Theory
In sport the motivation to succeed is not always present.
The same performer can differ in his/her approach to different sports.
Achievement motivation is sport specific.
In other words whether a performer shows a Nach or Naf approach depends on:
The importance of the event
If he/she shows competitive trait anxiety because worries can lead to a motive to avoid failure
Self efficacy and confidence
Past and future success
Experience
Personality
Motivation
Let's re-check the Spec...!
Aim - To provide a comprehensive overview of achievement motivation and its effect on performance, and on following an active and healthy lifestyle
Candidates should be able to explain:
1. Atkinson & McClelland's theory of achievement motivation, including Need to Achieve (NACH) & Need to Avoid Failure (NAF);
How?
By being able to provide characteristics of NACH & NAF athletes
2. Sport-specific achievement motivation
How?
By looking at the competitiveness of athletes in differrent situations
ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION & COMPETITION
A high degree of achievement might lead to the inclination to be competitive.
Competitiveness measures the degree to which we approach competition and success in sport.
The amount of competitiveness shown depends on the situational variables of task importance, experience
and confidence. It is measured in three areas:
Competitiveness
the desire to seek and strive for success in sport.
Win orientation
the desire to win interpersonal competitive sporting events i.e. ego approach to competition.
Goal orientation
the desire to reach personal goals i.e task motivation
Achievement
SAFETY FIRST?
TAKE A RISK?
Why did this happen?
What have we learned previously?
What do you think Achievement Motivation is?
Motivation
Achievement Motivation Theory (1964)
'Achievement motivation is one's desire to do well, to succeed and reach standards in one's own eyes and the eyes of others. It reflects a willingness to persist in behaviour that enables higher standards to be reached despite the possibility of failure' (Hill, 2001)
Need to Achieve (NACH)
Need to Avoid Failure (NAF)
Need to Avoid Failure
Need to Achieve Athletes
Achievement Motivation Research
Characteristics of Atkinson's Achievement Motivation Theory
Murray (1938) first used the term achievement motivation and identified a performers need for achievement as being linked to their personality.
Situational
Personality
Atkinson (1964) regarded achievement motivation as a 'personality trait' but did recognise that situational factors are also important in determining the approach to competitive situations :
Probability of success
Need to achieve (NACH)
Need to avoid failure (NAF)
Incentive value of success
Activity
In pairs, discuss the following :
- How do you approach achievement situations? (e.g. NACH or NAF or Both)
- Which approach is most beneficial to performance?
- What impact would 'avoidance' behaviour have on performance?
Activity # 3
AMT and its implications on Sport Performance
As a group of sport psychologists, produce a poster which summarises the achievement motivation theory. The poster should include:
‘I didn’t care if I failed, I just wanted to give my all against some great players’
‘He has told me to keep getting in those goal scoring positions, but I am worried I will miss so I try to avoid those situations now!’
'I WILL NOT BE PLAYING IN THE CHAMPIONSHIP NEXT SEASON...' and 'Some strange people think that I'll be playing in the Championship next season. Good one! QPR might, I won't! #fact'
Performance?
What is achievement motivation?
NAF athlete characteristics
NACH athlete characteristics
Be prepared to present your poster to a panel of world class coaches and managers
How will you approach this competitive situation?
NAF
NACH
Two choices - 1) You can use two hands
2) You will only use one hand