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Indirect water supply system

Direct water supply system

Types of cold water..

Materials & equipments

Direct water supply system

Indirect water supply

system

Cont,

  • Copper
  • Galvanized Iron
  • PVC
  • Stainless Steel
  • ABS Pipe (Acrylonitrile-Butadine-Styrene)

Factors in selecting a water supply system in buildings

  • The water used must be colorless, odorless and tasteless which is free from bacteria
  • Once water is used, waste water is typically discharged in a sewer system and treated in a waste water treatment plant before being discharged into a river, lake or the sea or reused for landscaping, irrigation or industrial use
  • The efficiency suitability of a system
  • Method and the distribution of plumbing supplies
  • The installation of the system resistance
  • The water pressure in the main pipe
  • The cost of installation and maintenance

Introduction to cold water..

Components of Electric Water Heater used in Water Chalet, Bukit Merah

  • Cold water is natural water which being supplies to sanitary appliances in a building, without using any equipment or machine to maintain the temperature of water in pipe.
  • A plentiful supply of wholesome water is essential for the occupants of the buildings intended for human habitation.
  • Most building can obtain their supply from the Water Authorities’ main, but in rural areas, it is sometimes necessary to obtain water from private sources, such as streams, rivers, lakes, wells, springs or by catchment areas from roofs and paved surfaces

HOT AND COLD WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

  • This type of water heater is also known as semi industrial electric water heater.
  • Water Chalet, Bukit Merah uses JOVEN electric water heater.
  • There are 15 litres, 25 litres, 35 litres, 50 litres, 68 litres, and 91 litres hot water cylinder available in the market. Water Chalet, Bukit Merah uses 50 litres of hot water cylinder.
  • It is placed in the ceiling of every rooms.
  • This type of water heater is chosen because it is lower in terms of cost for installation and also maintenance. Easier to install and energy efficient.
  • The process starts when cold water flow through ABS (Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene) pipe and goes into the hot water cylinder.
  • Heating element plays its role to boil the cold water and the hot water will then be discharge through discharge pipe.

Preview..

  • In Malaysia, rivers are seen as one of the resources that belonged to the nation as a whole and are available for common use by all citizens, but which are, under the Federal Constitution, controlled by the state Governments.
  • The water policy issues and goals affecting water resources development in Malaysia are well recognized by the federal and state Government.
  • The water system in all building must comply with Water Authority

Problems occur in hot water supply system

  • Hot water pipes must be able to withstand the maximum temperature of the water being piped. Pipe material may be copper or an appropriate thermoplastic material.
  • Materials suitable for hot water supply pipes include:

copper

polybutylene (PB)

chlorinated polyvinylchloride (CPVC or PVCc)

random polypropylene (PP-R)

cross-linked polyethylene (PEX).

  • Heating element is usually a coil, ribbon, of strip of wire made from nichrome that gives off heat much like a lamp filament. Nichrome is an alloy (a mixture of metals and sometimes other chemical elements) that consists of about 80 per cent nickel and 20 per cent chromium (other compositions of nichrome are available, but the 80–20 mix is the most common)
  • Thermostat is a component of a control system which senses the temperature of a system so that the system's temperature is maintained near a desired set point. The maintenance department of Water Chalet, Bukit Merah sets the temperature at 70°C.
  • Sacrificial anodes are used to protect the hulls of ships, water heaters, pipelines, distribution systems, above-ground tanks, underground tanks, and refineries. The anodes in sacrificial anode cathodic protection systems must be periodically inspected and replaced when consumed.

Introduction to Hot Water..

  • Leakage

Water tank is made from fiber and throughout the years it will rot and may cause leakage

  • Sedimentation of minerals contains in hard water at the bottom of the tank will also cause uneven heating and malfunction in the process of hot water supply
  • Leakage in distributions pipe may also occur due to high water pressure.

  • Heating element burst which causes water not to boil.
  • Power shutting down in which there is no electric supply.

  • Water heating is a thermodynamic process which uses energy sources (such as fuel, natural gas, and electric) to heat water above its initial temperature. Typical domestic uses of hot water include cooking, cleaning, bathing, and space heating.
  • Back then, Americans filled vessel and popped it over an open fire to enjoy hot water. Instant water heater was introduced in England during 1870s due to consumer interest in having readily available hot water. ("Water Heaters Yesterday and Today," 2009)
  • Norwegian immigrant Edwin Ruud, founder of the Ruud Manufacturing Co., is credited with invention of the automatic storage water heater in 1899.("Water Heaters Yesterday and Today," 2009)

Cont..

Hot Water Supply System..

Components of Centralized Electric Water Heater used in Laketown Resort, Bukit Merah

  • Early 20th century, there were more than 150 water heater producers. However, health and safety features were not taken into consideration when producing water heater at that time.
  • In 1936, A.O. Smith patented the glass lined steel storage tank. Throughout the years, safety features such as temperature and pressure relief valve as well as flammable vapor ignition resistance technology for gas heaters were added.

  • There are two types of water heating appliances. There are storage water heater in which tank is available and tankless water heater.
  • Instantaneous water heaters (tankless water heater) can utilize natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, electricity, steam, or boiler water as fuels, with the most common currently being the electric type. (Fagan, 2001)
  • However, storage water heaters appear ideal for use when hot water is generated at a centralized location and distributed from there to the fixtures. (Fagan, 2001)
  • Meanwhile, hot water supply systems are divided into few categories. There are centralised boiler system, direct system, indirect system, primatic cylinder, combined system, and electric water heating system.
  • Water Chalet and Laketown Resort, Bukit Merah adopt electric water heating system. Electric water heating system is becoming more popular nowadays since the system is more environmental friendly compare to fuel combustion used in other systems.

  • Laketown Resort, Bukit Merah has 4 water storage tank and 4 water storage heater.
  • There are 2 tanks available for standby during cleaning of tank, leakage or any other circumstances.
  • Each water storage heater receive cold water from water storage tank. The heating element in water storage heater will boil the cold water before being distributed to sanitary appliances.
  • The different between semi industrial water heater and centralized water storage heater is the voltage require for heating element in water storage heater is higher compare to semi industrial water heater.
  • The number of heating element in water storage heater is more than in the semi industrial water heater.
  • The installation of centralized electric heating system is more complex and require larger cost. The cost of maintenance is also high and consume longer time.
  • Occupancy rate of hotels and resorts are not always 100%, thus centralized electric heating is not ideal.

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