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Not very well received
Not popular and was outshined by radical behaviorism
It includes:
Memory
Concept Formation
Attention
Reasoning
Problem Solving
Mental Imagery
Judgment
Language
Comparison of Existential and Humanistic psychology
Gestalt psychology
Abram Maslow
In the 1920s, 30s, and 40s
psychoanalysis
Donald Hebb
critic of radical behaviorism
Harry Harlow
found conflict with behavioristic psychology of that time
Cognitive psychology was popular
Contemporary psychologists
all sought to explain human cognition
Schools of voluntarism and structuralism
concentrated on the experimental study of cognition.
The school of functionalism
Cognition and behavior
Existentialist stress
To live authentically
Accepting Inevitable factors
Love
Hate
Death
Anxiety
Human life consisted of the ability to form relationships
Feel good
Explore the world with endless autonomy
All is ruined by exposure anxiety
Violence
Hate
Mental illness
Ultimately conditioned positive regard
Existentialism
There is no right or wrong behavior
Love
Hate
Relationships
Anxiety
Death
Guilt
Shame
Cognitive Psychology
Positive regard
Conditional positive regard
Conditional positive self-regard
Relies on a philosophical method
Phenomenology
Edmund Husserl
Contents of the consciousness
objects
noises
relationships
events
images
memories
feelings
fantasies
Life is what one makes it
There is now right or wrong way of living
Argues that all humans are harmless to one another
Based on Carl Rogers concept
Self Actualization
Humanists believe that all humans know what is good for them
The cognitive structure comprises schemata
It is always the schemata contained within the cognitive structure
He was rationalistic
Ranked #2 by APA
J.S. Mill
Fechner
Ebbinghaus
Books written by William James and Sir Frederic Charles Bartlett
influence cognition has on psychology
Humanistic Psychology
Humanistic Psychology
Formal branch
Alfred Adler
1st Humanistic psychologist
Subjective reality
Studying individuals
Enrich the human experience
Solve human problems
Goal
Language
Human emotions
Meaning
Rejects psychology being scientific
Distance
Poetic
Romanticism
Spiritual
Reject predicts and controlling human behavior
Deficiency motivation
Need Directed Perception
Being motivation
Being Perception
Transpersonal Psychology
Order of Needs
Physiological Needs
Safety Needs
Belonging and Love needs
Esteem Needs
Self Actualization
Jonah Complex
Fear of one's own greatness
Believes if therapy
Organismic valuing process
Children Need Positive Regard
Conditions of Worth
Unconditional Positive Regard
Incongruent Person
"There is little doubt that George A. Miller … has been the single most effective leader in the emergence of cognitive psychology”
MIT symposium
Allen Newell and Herber Simon
Noam Chomsky
Miller
Importance of external stimulation was insufficient
Rather, he said such organized behavior could emanate only from within the organism.
The ideas that one entertains may be compatible with or incompatible
interested in thinking and concept formation
A phenomenologist
examine the totality of human existence
Bridge between existential philosophy and existential psychology
Person’s existence that are beyond the person’s control
Freedom
Individuality
Responsibility
Anxiety
Guilt
Throwness
Authenticity
Emotional
Authentic life
I must someday die
Existentialists
Becoming
Inauthentic life
Characterized by guilt
Death is not accepted
“being-in-the-world”
The world does not exist without humans, and humans do not exist without the world
Guilt
living an inauthentic life
Anxiety
Courage
Responsibility
Intellect
Physical
Development during the 1950s
Clinical psychologist and counselor
Head of the American Board of Examiners in Professional Psychology
Abraham Maslow
Psychoanalysis and behaviorism
Psychoanalysis focused only emotional disturbances
Most important cause of behavior is subjective reality.
The first Freudian psychoanalysts in Switzerland
Goal:
Integrate the writings of Husserl and Heidegger with psychoanalytic theory.
Existential Psychology
Kelly’s brand of therapy
Assign a role for his clients
Self-characterization is the self-description
Philosophy of “as if"
“system of thought in which God and reality might best be represented as propositions"
It is always possible to view ourselves and the world in a variety of ways
Construct system
The collection of personal constructs with which people make predictions about future events
The choices we decide has an impact/influence on the meanings and values of what we experience
Binswanger’s method of psychotherapy
Examines a person’s mode of being-in-the-world
Ground of Existence
The conditions under which one exercises one’s freedom
"ground of existence"
“being-beyond-the-world”
Umwelt
around the world
Mitwelt
with world
Eigenwel
own world
One must understand all three of his or her modes of existence
World-design
basic orientation toward the world and life
The Mind, The Body and the Spirit
In 1960s, Miller and Jerome Bruner founded the Center for Cognitive Studies at Harvard
Promote research on cognitive processes
Published
Cognitive Psychology
sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered and used
1963
Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award by the APA
1969
President of the APA
1990
The Gold Medal for Life Achievement
1991
National Medal of Science
2000
The Millennial Award
1959
President of APA
U.S. psychological revolution
Classical conditioning phenomena cannot be explained
Rather, the information conveyed by the stimuli
Existential thinker and clinical psychologist
He introduced Heideggerian existentialism to U.S. psychology
Humans are both objects and subjects of experience
The human dilemma is the paradox
Major vehicle
Myth
Making sense in a senseless world
Narrative stories
Narrative therapy
Daimonic
Any human attribute that in moderation is positive but in excess is negative
The abnormal fear of freedom
Does not exercise their freedom
Existentialists
This alienation from one’s true self is known as self –alienation
To avoid the neurotic anxiety
one must exercise freedom and live by accepting one’s true self
Romanticism and existentialism
Humanistic is not the same as human, humane or humanitarian.
Any methodology that focuses on cognitive experience as it occurs, without attempting to reduce that experience to its component parts
Artificial Intelligence
Allen Newell, J.C Shaw, and Herbert Simon
Artificial intelligence and information processing psychology
Computer programs
Similarities between computers and humans
Both receive information
Process the information
Have a memory
Produce information
“The capacity to learn and solve problems”
To solve novel problems
To act rationally
To act like humans
Making intelligent machines
Use of computers to understand human intelligence
Categories for definitions of AI
Can Machines Think?
For a program to pass the Turing Test, it needs to pass the exhibit the following capabilities:
Turing’s 1950 paper
“Computing Machinery and Intelligence.”
Imitation Game
The Turing test
Behavioral test
Problem
mathematical analysis
Their focus was on complex sensations including afterimages and illusions
The study of existence, or what it means to be
Two main questions:
What is the nature of human nature?
What does it mean to be a particular individual?
Phenomenology
To study cognitive processes, study of the mind and intelligence
It was formed in the 1950s
Humans are evaluated by what emotional state they are in
Computers don’t have intrinsic, biologically provided motivation which can be difficult to direct their problem solving
Is known as throwing out the baby with the baby water
The brain is organized into different parts or groups of cells
Each part is associated with a specific function such as face recognition
This is known as the divide and conquer
Information-processing psychology
Focused on psychological acts
Intentionality
“I see a tree”, “I like my mother”
Use phenomenology to create an objective
an objective bridge between the outer, physical world and the inner, subjective world
He believed in reporting exactly what appears in consciousness
Pure Phenomenology
Existentialism
Mental events are nothing but physiological experiences
Relationship between bodily events and cognitive events
Bianté Gainous
Barbara Njuguna
Charniqua Madden
Brittany Dailey
Chelsea Ivey
Emile Jonhson
Abria Skinner
Khairee M'Bath
Marysa Hill
Quincy Neal