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Humanistic VS. Cognitive

Cognitive Psychology

Not very well received

Not popular and was outshined by radical behaviorism

It includes:

Memory

Concept Formation

Attention

Reasoning

Problem Solving

Mental Imagery

Judgment

Language

Quincy Neal

Developments Before 1950s

Facts-Facts-Facts

Comparison of Existential and Humanistic psychology

Gestalt psychology

Abram Maslow

In the 1920s, 30s, and 40s

psychoanalysis

Donald Hebb

critic of radical behaviorism

Harry Harlow

found conflict with behavioristic psychology of that time

Cognitive psychology was popular

Contemporary psychologists

all sought to explain human cognition

Schools of voluntarism and structuralism

concentrated on the experimental study of cognition.

The school of functionalism

Cognition and behavior

Bianté Gainous

Self-Affirmation

What is it to be human

Humanistic view of life

Existentialist stress

To live authentically

Accepting Inevitable factors

Love

Hate

Death

Anxiety

Human life consisted of the ability to form relationships

Feel good

Explore the world with endless autonomy

All is ruined by exposure anxiety

Violence

Hate

Mental illness

Ultimately conditioned positive regard

Existentialism

There is no right or wrong behavior

Love

Hate

Relationships

Anxiety

Death

Guilt

Shame

Importance Of Positive regard on perceived quality of life

Cognitive Psychology

Existential Psychology

Positive regard

Conditional positive regard

Conditional positive self-regard

Relies on a philosophical method

Phenomenology

Edmund Husserl

Phenomena

Existentialist view of life

Contents of the consciousness

objects

noises

relationships

events

images

memories

feelings

fantasies

Humanistic Psychology

Life is what one makes it

There is now right or wrong way of living

Marysa Hill

Argues that all humans are harmless to one another

Based on Carl Rogers concept

Self Actualization

Humanists believe that all humans know what is good for them

Piaget

Developments Before the 1950s

Abraham Maslow (1908 - 1970)

The cognitive structure comprises schemata

It is always the schemata contained within the cognitive structure

He was rationalistic

Ranked #2 by APA

J.S. Mill

Fechner

Ebbinghaus

Books written by William James and Sir Frederic Charles Bartlett

influence cognition has on psychology

Humanistic Psychology

Humanistic Psychology

Formal branch

Alfred Adler

1st Humanistic psychologist

Shared beliefs in Humanistic Paradigm

Humanistic

Subjective reality

Studying individuals

Enrich the human experience

Solve human problems

Goal

Language

Human emotions

Meaning

Hierarchy of Needs

Motivation and Perception

Rejects psychology being scientific

Distance

Poetic

Romanticism

Spiritual

Reject predicts and controlling human behavior

Deficiency motivation

Need Directed Perception

Being motivation

Being Perception

Transpersonal Psychology

Theory of Personality

Carl Rogers

Order of Needs

Physiological Needs

Safety Needs

Belonging and Love needs

Esteem Needs

Self Actualization

Jonah Complex

Fear of one's own greatness

Believes if therapy

Organismic valuing process

Children Need Positive Regard

Conditions of Worth

Unconditional Positive Regard

Incongruent Person

Bernard Baars

"There is little doubt that George A. Miller … has been the single most effective leader in the emergence of cognitive psychology”

MIT symposium

Allen Newell and Herber Simon

Noam Chomsky

Miller

Karl Lashley

Importance of external stimulation was insufficient

Rather, he said such organized behavior could emanate only from within the organism.

Leon Festinger

The ideas that one entertains may be compatible with or incompatible

Jerome Bruner

interested in thinking and concept formation

 Martin Heidegger

A phenomenologist

examine the totality of human existence

Bridge between existential philosophy and existential psychology

 Throwness

 Existential psychology

Person’s existence that are beyond the person’s control

Freedom

Individuality

Responsibility

Anxiety

Guilt

Throwness

Authenticity

 Authenticity and Inauthenticity

Barbara Njuguna

Emotional

 Guilt and Anxiety

 Dasein

Authentic life

I must someday die

Existentialists

Becoming

Inauthentic life

Characterized by guilt

Death is not accepted

“being-in-the-world”

The world does not exist without humans, and humans do not exist without the world

Guilt

living an inauthentic life

Anxiety

Courage

Responsibility

Intellect

Physical

The Mind, the Body and the Spirit

Development during the 1950s

Third-Force Psychology

Khairee M'Bath

 George Kelly

Clinical psychologist and counselor

Head of the American Board of Examiners in Professional Psychology

Abraham Maslow

Psychoanalysis and behaviorism

Psychoanalysis focused only emotional disturbances

Most important cause of behavior is subjective reality.

 Ludwig Binswanger

The first Freudian psychoanalysts in Switzerland

Goal:

Integrate the writings of Husserl and Heidegger with psychoanalytic theory.

 Fixed-Role Therapy

 Constructive Alternativism

 Kelly and Vaihinger

Existential Psychology

Kelly’s brand of therapy

Assign a role for his clients

Self-characterization is the self-description

Philosophy of “as if"

“system of thought in which God and reality might best be represented as propositions"

It is always possible to view ourselves and the world in a variety of ways

Construct system

The collection of personal constructs with which people make predictions about future events

 Daseinanalysis

 The Importance of Meaning in One’s Life

The choices we decide has an impact/influence on the meanings and values of what we experience

Binswanger’s method of psychotherapy

Examines a person’s mode of being-in-the-world

 Ground of Existence

 Modes of Existence

 Ground of Existence

The conditions under which one exercises one’s freedom

"ground of existence"

“being-beyond-the-world”

Emilie Johnson

Umwelt

around the world

Mitwelt

with world

Eigenwel

own world

One must understand all three of his or her modes of existence

World-design

basic orientation toward the world and life

The Mind, The Body and the Spirit

Development after the 1950s

In 1960s, Miller and Jerome Bruner founded the Center for Cognitive Studies at Harvard

Promote research on cognitive processes

Ulric Neiser

Miller

Published

Cognitive Psychology

sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered and used

1963

Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award by the APA

1969

President of the APA

1990

The Gold Medal for Life Achievement

1991

National Medal of Science

2000

The Millennial Award

Donald Hebb

M.S. Egger and Neal Miller

1959

President of APA

U.S. psychological revolution

Classical conditioning phenomena cannot be explained

Rather, the information conveyed by the stimuli

 Rollo May

Existential thinker and clinical psychologist

He introduced Heideggerian existentialism to U.S. psychology

Antecedents of Humanistic Psychology

 The Importance of Myth

 The Human Dilemma

 Normal and Neurotic Anxiety

Humans are both objects and subjects of experience

The human dilemma is the paradox

Major vehicle

Myth

Making sense in a senseless world

Narrative stories

Narrative therapy

Daimonic

Any human attribute that in moderation is positive but in excess is negative

The abnormal fear of freedom

Does not exercise their freedom

Existentialists

This alienation from one’s true self is known as self –alienation

To avoid the neurotic anxiety

one must exercise freedom and live by accepting one’s true self

Romanticism and existentialism

Humanistic is not the same as human, humane or humanitarian.

Charniqua Madden

Phenomenology

Information –Processing Psychology

Any methodology that focuses on cognitive experience as it occurs, without attempting to reduce that experience to its component parts

What’s Intelligence?

Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence

Allen Newell, J.C Shaw, and Herbert Simon

Artificial intelligence and information processing psychology

Computer programs

Similarities between computers and humans

Both receive information

Process the information

Have a memory

Produce information

“The capacity to learn and solve problems”

To solve novel problems

To act rationally

To act like humans

What is a Turing Test?

Making intelligent machines

Use of computers to understand human intelligence

Categories for definitions of AI

Can Machines Think?

The Turing Test vs. AI Fields

For a program to pass the Turing Test, it needs to pass the exhibit the following capabilities:

Turing’s 1950 paper

“Computing Machinery and Intelligence.”

Imitation Game

The Turing test

Behavioral test

Problem

mathematical analysis

Johann Goethe and Ernst Mach

Abria Skinner

Ontology

Their focus was on complex sensations including afterimages and illusions

The study of existence, or what it means to be

Two main questions:

What is the nature of human nature?

What does it mean to be a particular individual?

Phenomenology

Cognitive Science

Brittany Dailey

The Return of Faculty Psychology

To study cognitive processes, study of the mind and intelligence

It was formed in the 1950s

Humans are evaluated by what emotional state they are in

Computers don’t have intrinsic, biologically provided motivation which can be difficult to direct their problem solving

Is known as throwing out the baby with the baby water

The brain is organized into different parts or groups of cells

Each part is associated with a specific function such as face recognition

This is known as the divide and conquer

Edmund Husserl (1859-1938)

Information-processing psychology

Franz Brentano (1838-1917)

Focused on psychological acts

Intentionality

“I see a tree”, “I like my mother”

Use phenomenology to create an objective

an objective bridge between the outer, physical world and the inner, subjective world

He believed in reporting exactly what appears in consciousness

Pure Phenomenology

Existentialism

The Return of the Mind-Body Problem

Mental events are nothing but physiological experiences

Relationship between bodily events and cognitive events

Bianté Gainous

Barbara Njuguna

Charniqua Madden

Brittany Dailey

Chelsea Ivey

Emile Jonhson

Abria Skinner

Khairee M'Bath

Marysa Hill

Quincy Neal

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