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Diaphragm pulls down

Intercostal muscles contract

Chest expands

Pressure decreases

-Increased strength of muscles

-Increased muscle hypertrophy

-Increased myoglobin stores

-Ligaments and tendons are stronger.

This benefit of these adaptations are:

-Aids activities requiring strength, power and muscular endurance.

-Improves immediate oxygen supply to muscles

-Better support of joints

GCSE PE Theory

Revision Session

This revision seminar

Year 11 Topics- Body Systems

-Make notes on each topic as you go

-When you see this then you will do an activity on that topic.

There will be a number of exam questions throoughout the session for you to have a go at.

In this presentation you will look at the four different body systems: The cardiovascular, respiratory, muscular and skeletal system

You won't be able asked to label a skeleton in your exam. However, you may be asked to identify bones being used in various actions.

Have a go at this now...

What you need to know

For each body system you will need to know:

-The functions of the system- what does it actually do?

what the system is made up of

-The immediate effects of exercise on that system

-The long term effects of exercise on that system

Key Terms

The bones!

Function

FUnction

Key terms

Types of muscles

The muscles you need to know

Heart Rate

The number of times the heart beats per minute

Stroke Volume

-transport oxygen in the blood to working muscles

-remove waste products

-reutrn the blood to the lungs for reoxygenation

the amount of blood leaving the heart each BEAT

1. To bring oxygen into the body

2. To take carbon dioxide out of the body

How many bones do you know?

Label the diagram

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)=

The total volume of air in your lungs after your biggest breath in

Tidal Volume (TV)=

During normal breathing, the total amount breathed in and out in one cycle.

Vital Capacity (VC)= the maximum you can forcibly breathe in and out.

Cardiac output

There are thre TYPES of muscle:

CARDIAC

VOLUNTARY

INVOLUNTARY

Function

Joints

the amount of blood leaving the heart each MINUTE

Cholesterol

What is it made up of?

Long Answer Questions

High cholesterol can be caused by having a diet with too much fat. There are two types of cholesterol- one good and one bad.

Inspiration & Expiration

Function

Antagonistic pairs

What is it made up of?

heart rate x stroke volume = cardiac output

The functions of the skeleton are to

-Support

-Protection

-Movement

A JOINT IS THE PLACE WHERE TWO OR MORE BONES MEET

Hinge Joints

Located at: knee and elbow

Movement available: flexion, extension

Ball and Socket Joints

Located at: hip and shoulder

Movement available: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation

HR X SV = CO

This system is made up of three things:

-The heart

-Blood Vessels

-Blood

HDL

LDL

Responsible for the movement of your body

At the end of your exam there WILL be two 6 mark questions. These could be on any topic but you must know how to answer this type of question. Here are some hints...

Low density lipoprotein is the bad cholesterol that can cause deposits to build up in the arteries.

High density lipoprotein is the good cholesterol that can take away cholesterol to be broken down.

Inspiration (breathing in)

Expiration (breathing out)

Skeletal muscles work together to provide movement of the joints.

While one muscle contracts, another relaxes to create movement.

The muscle contracting is the AGONIST

The muscle relaxing is the ANTAGONIST

Lungs

Trachea

Bronchus

Bronchioles

Alveoli

Diaphragm relaxes

Intercostal muscles relax

Chest decreases

Pressure increases

Ribs

Intercostal muscles

Diaphragm

Respiratory System

the cardiovascular system

Have a look at these two examples...

Top Tips

Mark Scheme

The muscular System

The SKELETAL System

REad the question

injuries

Blood Pressure

Happy revising and good luck for your exam!

Effects of Smoking

Immediate Effects of Exercise

short term effects

Understand what the question is asking you!

Range of movement

Diet and your cardiovascular system

The force of blood pushing against the blood vessel wall.

There are two types

Long term effects

Types of contraction

FRACTURES

A fracture is a broken bone. There are different types of fracture:

Compound (open)

Simple (closed)

Stress (small crack)

Greenstick (bends on one side, breaks on the other)

Diastolic

systolic

What happens when you start exercising to your cardiovascular system?

-Take a few minutes to plan your answer.

-Underline key words in the question

-It must be a structured piece of writing.

-Sentences and paragraphs, NOT bullet points!

-Spelling, punctuation and grammar will be marked so make sure you take care and learn those tricky words you often get wrong!

-write as much as you can! Although you don't have to fill the space, writing a couple of lines will not give you full marks.

-Try to impress the examiner- include key words and definitions.

- Use examples where necessary to show you can apply your knowledge

-Lung and alveoli damage-less stretchy and less efficient

-Short of breath- hard to get C02 out and O2 in

-Feel more tired/ find exercise harder

-Increased breathing rate

-Increased depth of breathing

-Increased demand for oxygen

-Increased rate of C02 removal

-Gaseous Exchange

-Oxygen debt

Fats can build up in the blood vessels resulting in high blood pressure and high cholesterol

The pressure in the arteries whilst the heart is relaxing

The pressure in the arteries whilst the heart is contracting

Flexion

Extension

Abduction

Adduction

Rotation

Diastolic blood pressure is lower than systolic blood pressure because blood flow is slower whilst the heart is relaxing.

-Increase in heart rate

-Increase in stroke volume

-Increase in systolic blood pressure

The benefits of these changes are:

-Increased oxygen delivery and increase removal of carbon dioxide.

-Increased rate of blood flow and therefore increased oxygen delivery.

The average blood pressure is 120/80

There are two different types of muscle contraction, used for different purposes.

ISOTONIC- contractions that result in movement

ISOMETRIC- contractions where there is no visible movement.

Systolic

Diastolic

Other long term effects

long term effects

Gaseous Exchange

Long term effects

short term effects

What is it?

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Where does it take place?

In the alveoli (tiny air sacs in the lungs)

What happens during exercise?

Rate of gaseous exchange increases

Skeletal system and exercise

-Increase in size and strength of the heart (cardiac hypertrophy)

-Increase in stroke volume

The benefits of these adaptations are:

-Good for health as it reduces the chance of coronary heart disease

-good for fitness as the heart can contract more forcefully

-more blood is ejected from the heart each beat, so there is increased oxygen delivery.

-Lower resting HR

-Increased maximum CO during exercise

-Faster return to resting HR

-Increased capillarisation

-Increased number of red blood cells

The benefits of these are:

-greater training zone

-increased oxygen delivery to working muscles

-more efficient recovery

-Stronger diagram

-Stronger inter-costal muscles

-Increased amount of capillaries

-Increased lung capacity

-Increased lung volume

-Increased vital capacity

increased bone density/ stronger bones

-Increase in muscle temperature

-Increased demand for oxygen (due to additional need for energy)

-Increased production of carbon dioxide (formed as a bi-product during energy release)

-Increased lactic acid production (in anaerobic work)

-Muscle Fatigue

-Reduced chance of osteoporosis

-Better posture

-Reduced chance of fractures

Stronger tendons and ligaments

-Better support of joints- more stability.

-Increases production of synovial fluid which lubricates the joint

Movement

Exam Questions

Antagonistic pairs

Exam Questions

isotonic

ISOMETRIC

Biceps and triceps

Bicep

Location:Front of upper arm

Role: Flexion of the arm at the elbow

Example:Upwards phase of a bicep curl

Tricep

Location:Back of upper arm

Role:Extension of the arm at the elbow

Example: Straightening the arms in a chest press

Answer

Here the triceps is the agonist as they are now contracting and the biceps are relaxing

Biceps is the agonist as they are contracting and creating the movement

Answer

Antagonistic Pairs

quadriceps and hamstrings

Putting it all together

Quadriceps

Location:front of upper leg

Role: Extension of the lef at the knee

Example: Straightening the leading leg going over a hurdle

Hamstrings

Location: back of upper lef

Role: Flexion of the leg at the knee

Example: Bending the trailing leg going over a hurdle

Exam Questions

You have a picture of a rugby player in front of you. In your group identify the:

Joint

Joint type

Bones

Movement

Agonist

Antagonist

Diastolic

Exam Question

Be careful with your spelling here, there were a lot of mistakes in the mock exams so learn the correct spellings for key words

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