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L.S. Stavrianos, “Ottoman Institutions,” pgs. 80-93 in The Balkans Since 1453
Teaching Modern Southeast European History – Workbook 1: The Ottoman Empire, pg. 67; 77-85
Religious
Political
"I observed most of the rich tradesmen were Jews. That people are an incredible power in this country. They have many privileges above all the natural Turks themselves, and have formed a very considerable commonwealth here, being judged by their own laws, and have drawn the whole trade of the empire into their hands, partly by the firm union among themselves, and prevailing on the idle temper and want of industry of the Turks...."
G.E. Von Grunebaum
"It would not be difficult to put together the names of a very sizeable number of Jewish subjects or citizens of the Islamic area who have attained to high rank, to power, to great financial influence, to significant and recognized intellectual attainment; and the same could be done for Christians. But it would again not be difficult to compile a lengthy list of persecutions, arbitrary confiscations, attempted forced conversions, or pogroms”.
laws, procedures, and regulations relating to religious activities
Arabic word millah = "nation".
Millets are recorded as early as the 4th century
Millet - religious community with a leader
5 Millets:
Orthodox
Gregorian Armenian
Roman Catholic
Jewish
Protestant