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Development of a massive military machine
Age of Empires: The Austro-Hungarian Empire
The creation of an empire
Topics - Creation of a navy
-what does a large army accomplish in Europe
-What does it accomplish globally?
-Why does colonization happen? What drives the movement?
-Where does it occur and when? What are the effects? (short term and long term?
-Metropol vs. colony
How does a broad global empire change the metropol? (material culture will help here)
Of all our empires, the Austro-Hungarian Empire's history is perhaps the most complex to understand
-This presentation will give an overview of its founding, where is fit into the power structure of Europe, and explain some of the roles it will play into the period of 1871-1914
Age of Empires: The Austro-Hungarian Empire
The development of the City
-Movement of people in the industrial age
-what are they doing? Why are they moving from rural areas? What are the effects?
-What does the development of a City signify?
Where do these cities begin to exist?
-What does the combination of the City and an industrializing economy do?
-The Austro-Hungarian Empire was a contemporary addition to the Age of Empires- founded in 1867
-It was a constitutional monarchy and often referred to as the Dual Monarchy given its composition
-The Empire was founded as a combination of the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary following the Austro-Prussian War.
-The Empire would mark a continuation of the historic Hapsburg Dynasty that had ruled throughout Europe.
Age of Empires: The Austro-Hungarian Empire
Age of Empires: The Ottoman Empire
19th Century British Empire
Bank of England
-The Industrial Revolution is spurred (in part) by the growth of independent industries - those not nationalized by the crown.
-What does the Industrial Revolution mean?
-The new alliance between the Russian and Ottomans threatened economic interests and the balance of power when the Russian Empire had the Turks close the Bosporus and Dardanelles to warships.
-Seeking to undermine the Treaty of Unkiar-Skelessi, the British would come to the aid of the Turks when Mehmet Ali revolted again in 1839.
-By 1841, all European powers had agreed to the integrity of Turkey that Russia had guaranteed under the treaty. With the new understanding between all powers, the treaty was made null-in-void.
1556, Charles V's abdication split the Hapsburg into the Spanish and Austrian Houses.
The Hapsburg Royal line was one of Europe's longest lasting families.
-It held the throne of the Austrian Empire until the death of Charles VI left no male heir. (Replaced with the Hapsburg-Lorraine line)
-The Hapsburg line would place kings and Emperors across several of Europe's Monarchies including: Portugal, Spain, Poland, Galicia, and Croatia.
How does this empire develop?
Growth of industry reshapes the economy of both business and personal life. It helps to establish the growth of a working class.
A growing working class means there is more money in the economy to drive production, which in turn drives industry.
Age of Empires: The Austro-Hungarian Empire
Defining Some Ideas:
The Development of a British Empire
-A disparate experience developed dating before the Dual Monarchy in terms of economic development and growth, industrialization, social development
-The Austrian Regions (Czech lands, Bohemia, Moravia) industrialized earlier and developed stronger economic systems than the Hungary counterparts.
-The diverse composition of the newly combined Dual-Monarchy in combination with revolutionary ideas and increases in independent nationalist movements within regions will spark further internal strife moving into the late 19th and early 20th Century.
-Despite its perceived deficiencies, the Empire will play a crucial role in the balance of power as the Ottoman Empire begins to falter and the German States unify.
-Its diverse make-up will place it squarely in the middle of European conflict during the Age of Empire.
Act of Union 1707 (Scotland) and 1800 (Ireland)
-brought both Scotland and Ireland into the parliamentary system of England.
-1800 was a compromise to deal with both Irish Nationalism, and concerns in a religiously divided Ireland of whom would retain power.
-The combination of the three spurred intellectual growth during the years of the enlightenment and thus propelled the British Empire towards an industrial revolutionary period before it's European counterparts.
-A variety of developments lead to the establishment of what became the largest global empire.
-1707, Act of Union: Joins Scotland to England and Wales.
-The beginning of the Victorian Age
-Development of a sense of British Identity forms within 130 period of wars with France
-In this period is the founding of the Bank of England, the creation of the City, to the evolution of a more efficient and nationwide fiscal system, the the emergence of massive military machinery
Age of Empires: The Austro-Hungarian Empire
-The Empire suffered from self-imposed isolation, creating numerous problems:
- Intellectual development is behind its neighbors
- It is cut off from external markets where demand for goods is higher than internal markets.
-Inefficient railway construction put lines in strategic and not market-driven locations
-It lagged behind the second generation industrializing nations (France, Belgium, and Germany) and only produced goods for the rich or poor - not a growing middle class.
-Lack of investment by the National Bank and spending on military ventures curtailed economic growth.
-The empire is a story of two different industrial regions
The Austrian Empire was established in 1804 as part of the realms administered by the Hapsburg Family.
-The Empire was multi-ethnic and multi-lingual.
-Along with Prussia, the Austrian Empire held considerable influence in the German Confederacy to its north.
(Created by the Congress of Vienna)
-The Austrian Empire was created by the Holy Roman Emperor
Francis II (also protector of Hapsburg lands) as a means to preserve the Hapsburg Monarchy during the rise of Napoleon.
Napoleon eventually defeated the Army of Francis II.
-He would agree to the Treaty of Pressburg in 1805
-Ending the Holy Roman Empire
-Preserving the Austrian Empire
Age of Empires: The Austro-Hungarian Empire
Francis II
The Austrian Empire
Age of Empires: The Austro-Hungarian Empire
The Kingdom of Hungary was ceded from the Ottoman Empire in 1699 at the conclusion of The Great Turkish War
Age of Empires: The Austro-Hungarian Empire
-The Napoleonic Wars, shifts in agricultural production, the rise of new enlightened nobles, and reform movements pushed Hungary into Revolution in 1848.
-There was still support for Hapsburg rule, but members in the Diet sought social changes to accommodate modernization.
-Other sought full separation from the Austrian Empire.
-When revolution broke out, the new Emperor Franz Joseph split the Kingdom of Hungary into four regions as a means of control.
-Later external wars (and defeats) with
Prussia forced Franz Joseph to reconsider
the position of Hungary and seek
compromise in 1867 and created the
Dual Monarchy.
The Hapsburg family ruled the Kingdom of Hungary, but considered it independent from the Austrian Empire.
-Like it's future counterpart,
the Kingdom of
Hungary
was multi-ethnic
and multi-lingual.
-The Kingdom was
ruled by both King
and Diet
(a form of assembly)
Franz Joseph
Hungarian Diet - Assembly