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Natural Disasters In Southeast Asia

Summary of the Article

How our Learning was Influenced

Beliefs about Global Health

  • We learned how climate change can affect a persons, physical and socioeconomic health, as well as their quality of life
  • As climate change increases, these negative consequences are escalating
  • Some people are more susceptible to these damaging effects as a result of involuntary exposure
  • The cycle of poverty is difficult to escape when you are exposed to frequent disasters
  • Homelessness, loss of infrastructure and agricultural land, contaminated water, disease, and loss of income prevent breaking the cycle
  • People know what generally needs to happen but when a disaster happens people end up scrambling to make things work, therefore specific systems need to be in place
  • Education and awareness on emergency preparedness needs to be a priority
  • Natural disasters and not preventable therefore emergency preparedness should aim to minimize the consequences of these disasters
  • Natural disasters influence issues of economic instability, food insecurity, spread of diseases, water contamination, injury and death of citizens.
  • Short-term, immediate response measures such as food, water, and shelter are more often considered the focus
  • Long-term consequences are often over looked, such as land damage
  • Resources are not equitable to what they need

• 2014 flood in Bangladesh impacted 2 million people, 500 000 people displaced

• 17 people died from flood, significantly less than previous years before improvements

• Health concerns from flooding – Pneumonia, diarrhea, skin infections

• Short- term consequences: food, water, shelter, medical care

• Long- term consequences: loss of homes, loss of farm land, loss of income, death, illness, loss of materials, personal belongings, rebuilding, food insecurity, poor sanitation, lack of clean water

• Improvements made: more advanced flood warnings to prepare for flood and evacuation

• Improvements needed: government coordination, improvements to land/river embankments, infrastructure improvements, better preparation for disasters including food, water, and sanitation

Why we chose this Article

• Related to our WHO region of South East Asia (Bangladesh)

• Natural disasters and emergency preparedness are big global health concerns

• Article described the long and short-term consequences of flooding and poor emergency preparedness

• Article described some of the improvements that are required to reduce these consequences

• Article included input from both aid agencies, government officials, and individuals directly impacted by the flood

Conclusion

Concept 1: Environment

• The countries that are most often affected by natural disasters are usually less developed countries, therefore resources and funding are minimal making international aid an essential need.

• Priority has been emphasized on short term management but these victims also need help with the long term consequences

• Emergency preparedness consists of 4 steps: reduction, readiness, response, and recovery

• Climate change is adding to natural disasters

• Climate change affects the world, especially in the region of South East Asia where there has been an increase in sea levels, extreme heat waves, droughts, intense cyclones, floods, and a decrease in crop yields.

• It threatens people's well-being and their livelihoods.

• Climate change slows the reduction of poverty among these nations because the most affected are the poor in rural areas.

• The economics and development of countries in South Asia rely on their agriculture and natural resources.

• Global warming will decrease the crop yields because these cereal and tree crops are sensitive to changes in climate.

• The low lying planes, islands, and deltas in this region make it more vulnerable to the rising sea levels, therefore it will increase flooding, land loss, and sea water intrusion.

• Rising sea levels and floods will cause contamination of fresh water resources.

• Diarrheal diseases emerge from contaminated drinking water, and the increase in temperature lead to exacerbations of pathogenic diseases and parasites.

Bangladesh

  • Bangladesh is at a high risk of natural disasters (flooding) because of geographical location and climate change
  • Pollution and rising sea levels are causing greater damage to buildings and land and displacing millions of people due to low lying areas
  • Death, diseases (diarrheal, infections, and respiratory conditions), injuries most common health problems to arise from flooding
  • Emergency preparedness and disaster response is impeded by government inefficiencies, lack of resources, poverty level, dense population, and poor coordination of aid

References

Ali, R. (2015). After spending the bitter winter in tents, many flood-hit Kashmiris still waiting for relief. IBNLive. Retrieved 1 March 2015, from http://ibnlive.in.com/news/after-spending-the-bitter-winter-in-tents-many- floodhit-kashmiris-still-waiting-for-relief/530151-3-245.html

BBC News,. (2013). India cyclone leaves chaos in wake. Retrieved 1 March 2015, from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-24510464

Carabine, E., Lamma, A., Dupar, M., Jones, L., Mulugetta, Y., Ranger, N., & Van Aalst, M. (2015). The IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report: What Is In It For South Asia.. Retrieved 1 March 2015, from http://cdkn.org/wp- content/uploads/2014/04/CDKN-IPCC-Whats-in-it-for-South-Asia-AR5.pdf

Cbc.ca,. (2015). Cyclone Phailin evacuation kept Indian villagers alive. Retrieved 1 March 2015, from http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/cyclone-phailin-evacuation- kept-indian-villagers-alive-1.2053690

Climate Change Impacts: South East Asia. (2015) (1st ed.). Retrieved from http://www.ifad.org/events/apr09/impact/se_asia.pdf

Denissen, A. (2012). Climate Change & Its Impacts On Bangladesh. NCDO. Retrieved 1 March 2015, from from http://www.ncdo.nl/artikel/climate-change-its-impacts- bangladesh

Emergency Risk Management For Health: Overview. (2013) (1st ed.). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/preparedness/risk_management_overview_ 17may2013.pdf?ua=1

Harris, G. (2014, March 28). Borrowed time on disappearing land. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/29/world/asia/facing-rising- seas-bangladesh-confronts-the-consequences-of-climate-change.html?_r=0

Hossain, A. Bangladesh: Flood Management (1st ed.). Retrieved from http://www.apfm.info/publications/casestudies/cs_bangladesh_sum.pdf

Jacobsen, K. H. (2014). Introduction to global health (2nd ed.). Mississauga, Canada: Jones & Bartlett Publishers.

Martin, R. (2014, September 2). Bangladesh floods test disaster response improvements. IRIN News. Retrieved from http://www.irinnews.org/report/100564/bangladesh- floods-test-disaster-response-improvements

Natural Disasters And Sustainable Development: Understanding The Links Between Development, Environment, And Natural Disasters. (2002) (1st ed.). Retrieved from http://www.unisdr.org/2006/ppew/whats-ew/pdf/wssdisdrdoc.pdf

Risk Reduction And Emergency Preparedness: WHO six year strategy for the health sector and community capacity development. (2007) (1st ed.). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/preparedness/emergency_preparedness_eng .pdf

Searo.who.int,. (2015). SEARO | Data and Statistics. Retrieved 1 March 2015, from http://www.searo.who.int/entity/emergencies/data/en/

Un.or,. (2014). Disaster management. Retrieved from http://www.un.or.id/en/what-we-do/partnership-for-development/disaster-management#gkBottom1-2

Worldbank.org,. (2013). Warming Climate to Hit Bangladesh Hard with Sea Level Rise, More Floods and Cyclones, World Bank Report Says. Retrieved 3 March 2015, from http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2013/06/19/warming- climate-to-hit-bangladesh-hard-with-sea-level-rise-more-floods-and-cyclones- world-bank-report-says

India

• There are many natural disasters that occur in India including droughts, floods, cyclones, avalanches, landslides, and earthquakes.

• Cyclone Phailin reached the coast of east India hitting the states of Orissa and Andhra Pradesh on October 12, 2013

• 25 people were killed, tens of thousand of homes were destroyed, and almost one million people were evacuated.

• Early weather warning systems and proper evacuation into shelters saved many lives.

• The different state governments of India provide relief measures but some do not have enough funding for rehabilitation and repair in areas of destruction.

Disasters and Southeast Asia

Indonesia

Indonesia is on the borders of the Pacific, Eurasian and Australian tectonic plates

Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods, and tsunamis are a constant threat and adversely affect over 600,000 people every year

With the help of the United Nations (UN), the government of Indonesia implemented The Indonesia Multi Donor Fund Facility for Disaster Recovery

The UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs trains staff to aid in disaster management

The UN also works on the logistical challenges with local authorities

Concept 2: Emergency Preparedness

• To avoid and reduce disease, injuries and death there needs to be an effective implementation of preparedness and response in emergencies.

• Emergency management’s four steps include reduction, readiness, response, and recovery.

• Emergency management of humanitarian response and relief activities has been focused in the past.

• Now emphasis is on community level risk reduction and emergency preparedness to decrease the long-term negative effects.

• Communities need to work with local authorities, and public organizations in order to build resilience to prepare and manage risks especially in vulnerable areas.

• The challenge is implementing coordinated procedures, budgets, skilled personal, public awareness, and participation in these areas.

• Most disasters occur in middle to low-income countries where emergency preparedness has improved, but still lacks some efficiency.

• Some countries still need resources for emergencies, health facilities, and more trained professional.

• Emergency management involves risk assessment, early warning systems, training and public awareness programs, emergencies response management, recovery resources, and strengthening community based organizations.

• Lack of emergency preparedness threatens economic sustainability and poverty reduction.

• Therefore it is top priority for many governments and NGO's.

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